'Ashurah was a day on which we used to fast in pre-Islamic days. When (fasting of) Ramadan was prescribed, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: This is one of the days of Allah ; he who wishes may fast on it.
Historical Context of 'Ashurah
The hadith from Sunan Abi Dawud 2443 reveals that fasting on 'Ashurah (10th of Muharram) was an established practice among the Arabs during the pre-Islamic period of ignorance (Jahiliyyah). This indicates that certain righteous practices from earlier traditions were preserved and later incorporated into Islam after purification from polytheistic elements.
Abrogation and Continuation
With the revelation of Ramadan fasting in the second year after Hijrah, the obligatory nature of 'Ashurah fasting was abrogated. However, the Prophet (ﷺ) maintained its observance as a recommended (mustahabb) act, demonstrating Islam's principle of building upon previous righteous customs while establishing new divine legislation.
Significance of "Days of Allah"
The phrase "days of Allah" refers to occasions where Allah's blessings and signs are manifest. Scholars interpret 'Ashurah as commemorating multiple events: Allah saving Prophet Musa and the Israelites from Pharaoh, Noah's ark resting on Mount Judi, and other divine interventions. Fasting expresses gratitude for these manifestations of divine mercy.
Legal Status and Wisdom
The permissive wording "he who wishes may fast" establishes 'Ashurah as a supererogatory fast with great merit. Classical scholars note it expiates the minor sins of the previous year. The wisdom behind maintaining this practice includes distinguishing Muslim observance from Jewish practice (by adding the 9th of Muharram) and maintaining connection with prophetic traditions.