Hadith Text

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone says when swearing an oath: 'If Allah wills,' he makes an exception."

Reference: Sunan Abi Dawud 3261 | Book: Oaths and Vows (Kitab Al-Aiman Wa Al-Nudhur)

Commentary (Sharh)

This noble hadith establishes the Islamic legal principle of "istithna'" (exception) in oaths. When a Muslim swears to do or not do something, adding the phrase "In sha' Allah" (if Allah wills) creates a conditional exception that prevents the oath from being binding if circumstances change by Divine decree.

The wisdom behind this teaching is manifold: It acknowledges Allah's absolute sovereignty over all affairs, protects the swearer from unintentional perjury if unable to fulfill the oath, and cultivates constant awareness of divine will in human speech and intentions.

Scholars explain that this exception is valid whether uttered verbally or merely intended in the heart, though verbal utterance is preferable. The exception applies specifically to future actions, not to statements about past or present realities.

Legal Implications

When one makes an oath with this conditional phrase, no expiation (kaffarah) is required if the oath is not fulfilled due to circumstances beyond one's control. This reflects the mercy of Islamic law and its understanding of human limitations.

The exception does not, however, permit intentional negligence toward fulfilling one's oaths. The Muslim should still strive to honor commitments while remaining conscious that ultimate outcomes rest with Allah alone.

Spiritual Significance

This teaching instills "tawakkul" (reliance on Allah) in everyday affairs and protects against the sin of false oaths. It reminds believers that human determination alone cannot guarantee outcomes, and that all plans remain subject to Allah's ultimate will.

The practice embodies the Quranic teaching: "And never say of anything, 'Indeed, I will do that tomorrow,' except [when adding], 'If Allah wills'" (Quran 18:23-24).