The Office of the Judge (Kitab Al-Aqdiyah) - Sunan Abi Dawud 3635

This hadith from Sunan Abi Dawud establishes a fundamental principle of divine justice in Islamic jurisprudence, known as the law of reciprocal treatment. The Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) articulates that Allah's dealing with His servants corresponds directly to their dealings with one another.

Linguistic Analysis

The term "harms" (adha) encompasses all forms of injury - physical, emotional, financial, or spiritual. "Shows hostility" (shaqaqa) indicates creating enmity, opposition, or causing division among people.

Juridical Implications

Scholars explain this hadith as governing both worldly and hereafter consequences. In worldly affairs, the harm one inflicts often returns through societal mechanisms or divine decree. In the hereafter, it forms the basis of divine retribution.

This principle serves as a primary deterrent against oppression in judicial matters and personal conduct, reminding judges and litigants alike that injustice cannot escape divine accountability.

Spiritual Dimensions

Classical commentators emphasize that this hadith encourages Muslims to embody mercy and justice, knowing that their treatment of others directly influences how Allah will treat them. It connects human ethics with divine response, making moral conduct a form of worship.

Practical Application

Judges must apply this principle by ensuring their rulings cause no undue harm. Individuals should refrain from hostility in disputes, seeking reconciliation instead. The hadith promotes a society based on mutual respect and fear of divine reciprocity.