The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Whoever disapproves of something done by his ruler then he should be patient, for whoever disobeys the ruler even a little (little = a span) will die as those who died in the Pre-lslamic Period of Ignorance. (i.e. as rebellious Sinners).
Hadith Text and Context
The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Whoever disapproves of something done by his ruler then he should be patient, for whoever disobeys the ruler even a little (little = a span) will die as those who died in the Pre-lslamic Period of Ignorance. (i.e. as rebellious Sinners)." (Sahih al-Bukhari 7053)
Scholarly Commentary
This hadith establishes the fundamental Islamic principle of obedience to legitimate Muslim rulers, even when one disagrees with their decisions. The scholars explain that patience in the face of a ruler's objectionable actions is preferable to rebellion, which leads to greater corruption and bloodshed.
The phrase "disobeys the ruler even a little" refers to any act of rebellion or withdrawal of obedience. The severe warning of dying like those in Jahiliyyah indicates that such rebellion severs one from the Muslim community and its protections.
Conditions and Exceptions
Scholars clarify that obedience is required only in matters that do not involve disobedience to Allah. If a ruler commands something sinful, there is no obedience to the creation in disobedience to the Creator.
The prohibition applies to armed rebellion against established Muslim rulers. Peaceful counsel (nasiha) and verbal objection remain permissible duties, while maintaining overall obedience in lawful matters.
Historical Context and Wisdom
This teaching came during times of political instability to preserve social order and prevent civil strife (fitnah). The scholars emphasize that enduring an unjust ruler is lesser evil than the chaos of rebellion.
Imam Nawawi explains that this principle protects the unity of the Muslim community and prevents the greater harm of civil war, while allowing for proper channels of advice and reform.