Judgments (Ahkaam) - Sahih al-Bukhari 7142

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "You should listen to and obey, your ruler even if he was an Ethiopian (black) slave whose head looks like a raisin."

Commentary on the Hadith

This profound narration establishes the Islamic principle of obedience to legitimate political authority, regardless of the ruler's ethnic origin, social status, or physical appearance. The Prophet (ﷺ) specifically mentioned an Ethiopian slave to emphasize that these worldly distinctions are irrelevant when considering the obligation of obedience.

The comparison to "a raisin" refers to the distinctive hair texture common among Ethiopians, demonstrating that even the most noticeable physical differences do not negate the requirement to obey a legitimate ruler. This teaching fundamentally opposes racism and tribalism while establishing political stability as a religious obligation.

Scholars clarify that this obedience is conditional upon the ruler commanding what is permissible in Islam. If he orders disobedience to Allah, then there is no obedience to the creation in disobedience to the Creator. However, even in such cases, Muslims must refrain from rebellion and violence, instead advising rulers with wisdom and patience.

Legal and Social Implications

This hadith establishes several key principles: the prohibition of rebellion against legitimate authority, the equality of all people regardless of race or social status in matters of leadership qualification, and the importance of maintaining social order and unity within the Muslim community.

The mention of a slave as a potential ruler indicates that slavery does not inherently disqualify one from leadership, reflecting Islam's progressive approach to social mobility. The emphasis on obedience serves to prevent fitnah (civil strife) and preserve the collective welfare of the Muslim ummah.