Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) used to invoke Allah in the prayer saying, "O Allah, I seek refuge with you from all sins, and from being in debt." Someone said, O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)! (I see you) very often you seek refuge with Allah from being in debt. He replied, "If a person is in debt, he tells lies when he speaks, and breaks his promises when he promises."
Exposition of the Hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari 2397
This narration from the Book of Loans, Payment of Loans, Freezing of Property, Bankruptcy in Sahih al-Bukhari reveals profound wisdom regarding the spiritual and moral dangers of debt. The Prophet's frequent invocation demonstrates that debt is not merely a financial concern but a matter affecting one's spiritual state and moral character.
The Nature of Seeking Refuge from Debt
The Companions observed the Prophet's repeated supplication, indicating the gravity of this matter. Seeking refuge from debt shows it is among the significant trials that can corrupt a believer's faith and conduct. The Prophet's explanation reveals that debt creates conditions leading to falsehood and broken promises.
Moral Consequences of Indebtedness
When a debtor speaks, they may conceal their financial situation or make false assurances to creditors. When promising repayment, they may commit to timelines they cannot fulfill. Thus debt becomes a gateway to dishonesty and untrustworthiness - qualities utterly contrary to Islamic morality.
Scholarly Commentary on Debt's Spiritual Impact
Classical scholars explain that debt burdens the soul with anxiety and preoccupation with worldly matters, distracting from worship and remembrance of Allah. The debtor's honor remains compromised until the debt is cleared, and their freedom in religious and worldly matters remains restricted.
Imam Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani notes in Fath al-Bari that this hadith emphasizes preserving one's tongue from falsehood and maintaining trustworthiness - both essential qualities for a Muslim's spiritual integrity.
Practical Guidance for Believers
This teaching encourages Muslims to avoid unnecessary debt, fulfill financial obligations promptly, and maintain transparency in financial dealings. When debt becomes necessary, one must be scrupulously honest about repayment capacity and timelines.