The Obligation of Zakat-ul-Fitr

This hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari 1504 establishes the universal obligation of Zakat-ul-Fitr upon every Muslim, regardless of social status or gender. The Prophet's use of the term "made it incumbent" (farada) indicates this is a divine commandment, not merely a recommended act.

Universal Application

The inclusion of "all the slave or free Muslims, male or female" demonstrates the comprehensive nature of this obligation. Scholars explain this encompasses every Muslim who possesses the minimum amount of food beyond their needs for Eid day and night.

Even slaves, who typically have limited financial capacity, are included - indicating the profound social wisdom behind this purification charity that ensures all Muslims can celebrate Eid with dignity.

Specified Measure and Types

The measure of "one Sa'" refers to the prophetic measurement equivalent to approximately 2.176 kilograms or 3.5 kilograms according to different scholarly opinions. This standardization ensures uniformity in fulfilling the obligation.

The specification of dates or barley reflects the common staple foods of Medina at that time. Classical scholars have extended this to include the staple foods of different regions, such as wheat, rice, or corn, maintaining the spirit of providing essential nourishment.

Timing and Wisdom

Zakat-ul-Fitr must be paid before the Eid prayer, as established in other narrations. This timing ensures the poor can benefit from it during the Eid celebration.

The wisdom behind this charity, as explained by scholars like Ibn Abbas, is to purify the fasting person from any indecent acts or speech during Ramadan and to provide food for the needy, allowing everyone to partake in the joy of Eid.