The Book of Oaths - Sahih Muslim 1650 b

He who took an oath and then found another thing better than (this) should expiate for the oath (broken) by him and do (the better thing).

Textual Analysis

This noble hadith establishes a fundamental principle in Islamic jurisprudence regarding oaths. The phrase "found another thing better" indicates that the subsequent action is superior in religious merit or worldly benefit, not merely personal preference.

The command to "expiate for the oath" confirms that breaking an oath requires kaffarah (expiation), while the instruction to "do the better thing" demonstrates that Islamic law prioritizes substantive benefit over rigid adherence to oaths when a superior alternative emerges.

Juridical Commentary

Scholars interpret "better" as referring to actions with greater religious merit, such as breaking a fast-breaking oath to feed the hungry, or greater benefit to others. The expiation follows the Quranic prescription in Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:89) of feeding ten poor persons, clothing them, or freeing a slave.

This ruling reflects the flexibility and wisdom of Islamic law, prioritizing substance over form and allowing Muslims to choose superior alternatives without being bound by oaths that may cause harm or prevent greater good.

Practical Application

When one discovers an action more beneficial to oneself, family, or community than what was sworn, they should: 1) Perform the expiation for oath-breaking, 2) Proceed with the better alternative. This applies to both religious and worldly matters where clear superiority exists.

The wisdom behind this ruling prevents Muslims from being trapped by their oaths when circumstances change or better options emerge, maintaining the spirit of Islamic law which seeks ease and benefit for believers.