The Book of Drinks - Sunan an-Nasa'i 5601

"Umar bin 'Abdul-'Aziz wrote to 'Adiy bin Artah (saying): 'Every intoxicant is unlawful.'"

Textual Analysis

This narration from the great Caliph and scholar Umar bin Abdul-Aziz establishes the comprehensive prohibition of all intoxicating substances, regardless of their source or form.

The wording "every intoxicant" (kullu muskirin) employs the universal particle "kullu" which encompasses all types of intoxicants without exception.

Legal Ruling

This statement reflects the consensus of classical scholars that any substance which causes intoxication, whether derived from grapes, dates, wheat, or other sources, falls under the prohibition.

The ruling applies regardless of the quantity consumed - whether a small amount that doesn't cause intoxication or a large amount that does, as the Prophet ﷺ said: "Whatever intoxicates in large quantities, a small amount of it is forbidden."

Scholarly Context

Umar bin Abdul-Aziz, known as the fifth rightly-guided caliph, was renowned for his strict adherence to Islamic principles and his revival of the Sunnah.

This ruling aligns with numerous Quranic verses and prophetic traditions that categorically prohibit intoxicants, considering them from the "works of Satan" that must be avoided.

Contemporary Application

This hadith extends to modern intoxicants including alcoholic beverages, narcotic drugs, and any substance that clouds the intellect or alters consciousness.

The wisdom behind this prohibition includes preservation of intellect, protection of religion, safeguarding honor, and maintaining social order - all fundamental objectives of Islamic law.