"The Messenger of Allah enjoined Zakatul-Fitr, a Sa' of dates or a Sa of barley, upon the free person and the slave, male and female, young and old, among the Muslims. He commanded that it be given before the people went out to the ('fd) prayer."
The Book of Zakah - Sunan an-Nasa'i 2504
"The Messenger of Allah enjoined Zakatul-Fitr, a Sa' of dates or a Sa of barley, upon the free person and the slave, male and female, young and old, among the Muslims. He commanded that it be given before the people went out to the ('Id) prayer."
Commentary on the Obligation
This hadith establishes Zakat al-Fitr as a compulsory act of worship upon every Muslim, regardless of social status or age. The comprehensive inclusion of "free person and slave, male and female, young and old" demonstrates the universal nature of this obligation in Islamic society.
Commentary on the Measurement
The specification of "a Sa' of dates or a Sa' of barley" indicates that the measurement is one Sa' (approximately 2.176-3.5 kg depending on scholarly opinion) of the staple food of the region. Later scholars extended this to include other common foodstuffs like wheat, rice, or corn according to the predominant nourishment of the community.
Commentary on the Timing
The command to give it "before the people went out to the 'Id prayer" establishes the optimal time for distribution. Scholars agree it becomes obligatory with the sunset of the last day of Ramadan and should be discharged before the 'Id prayer begins. Delaying it beyond the prayer without valid excuse is considered sinful, though the obligation remains due.
Wisdom and Purpose
The wisdom behind Zakat al-Fitr includes purification of the fasting person from any indecent acts or speech during Ramadan, providing nourishment for the poor on the day of celebration, and fostering social solidarity by ensuring all Muslims can partake in the 'Id festivities with dignity and joy.