Anas bin Malik reported the Apostle of Allaah(ﷺ) as saying “ I am commanded to fight with the polytheists. The rest of the tradition is to the same effect as mentioned above.”
Hadith Text & Context
Anas bin Malik reported the Apostle of Allaah(ﷺ) as saying "I am commanded to fight with the polytheists. The rest of the tradition is to the same effect as mentioned above." (Sunan Abi Dawud 2642)
Linguistic Analysis
The phrase "I am commanded" (أُمِرْتُ) indicates divine instruction from Allah, not personal initiative. "Fight" (قَاتَلَ) in Islamic jurisprudence refers to legitimate warfare with specific conditions, not random violence. "Polytheists" (المُشْرِكِينَ) specifically denotes those who associate partners with Allah in worship.
Juridical Commentary
This hadith establishes the legal basis for jihad against polytheists who actively oppose Islam. Classical scholars like Imam Nawawi clarify this applies only when Muslims are prevented from practicing their faith or face persecution. The fighting is subject to strict rules: no harm to women, children, elderly, or religious monks; no destruction of crops or trees; and cessation when the enemy ceases hostility.
Spiritual Dimensions
Ibn Qayyim explains this command encompasses both the greater jihad (struggle against one's ego) and lesser jihad (lawful defense). The ultimate objective is establishing justice and removing oppression, not forced conversion. The Prophet's mercy even in warfare serves as the perfect model for implementation.
Contemporary Application
Modern scholars emphasize that classical rules of engagement remain binding. Jihad requires proper authority from a legitimate Muslim ruler, cannot be declared by individuals or groups, and must follow Islamic ethics of warfare. The primary objective remains defense of religious freedom and protection of innocent life.