Hadith Commentary: Prohibition of Killing Women and Children

This narration from Abdullah ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) establishes a fundamental principle in Islamic warfare from the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The incident occurred during a military expedition where a slain woman was discovered, prompting the Prophet's clear prohibition.

Legal Ruling (Hukm) and Scholarly Consensus

The prohibition against killing women, children, and non-combatants represents a binding ruling (hukm) in Islamic jurisprudence. Classical scholars from all madhahib (schools of thought) unanimously agree that non-combatants who do not participate in fighting are protected under Islamic law.

Imam Nawawi states in his commentary on Sahih Muslim: "The prohibition of killing women and children is established by explicit texts and consensus of the scholars, unless they actually fight or provide direct military support."

Context and Exceptions

While the general rule provides protection, scholars mention limited exceptions. Women who actively participate in combat, serve as military commanders, or provide crucial strategic support that directly enables fighting may lose this protection according to some jurists.

Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi explains in al-Mughni: "If women fight alongside men or provide intelligence that causes Muslim casualties, they may be considered combatants." However, such cases require clear evidence of direct military involvement.

Ethical Foundations

This prohibition reflects Islam's humanitarian principles in warfare, predating modern international conventions by centuries. The protection extends to monks, elderly, farmers, and other non-combatants, establishing ethical boundaries even during armed conflict.

Al-Qurtubi notes in his tafsir: "The wisdom behind this prohibition is the preservation of innocent life and maintaining moral superiority in warfare, distinguishing Muslim conduct from barbaric practices."