Hadith Text

The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "A Muslim is the one who avoids harming Muslims with his tongue and hands. And a Muhajir (emigrant) is the one who gives up (abandons) all what Allah has forbidden."

Hadith Reference

Sahih al-Bukhari 10

Commentary on the Definition of a Muslim

This noble hadith establishes a comprehensive definition of a true Muslim. The Prophet (ﷺ) defines a Muslim not merely by declaration, but by action and restraint. The phrase "avoids harming Muslims with his tongue and hands" encompasses all physical and verbal harm. The tongue's harm includes backbiting, slander, lying, and offensive speech, while the hands' harm includes physical assault, theft, and injustice. This teaching elevates Islam from mere ritual to a complete way of life governing social interactions.

Commentary on the Definition of a Muhajir

The second part of the hadith redefines the concept of Hijrah (emigration). While the literal Muhajir left Mecca for Medina, the true Muhajir is one who emigrates from what Allah has forbidden. This spiritual emigration is continuous and required of every Muslim. It means abandoning sins, evil desires, and prohibited matters - a journey from disobedience to obedience, from darkness to light. This hijrah never ceases until death, as the believer constantly strives to leave behind all that displeases Allah.

Scholarly Insights

Imam al-Nawawi comments that this hadith contains profound wisdom about the reality of faith. The definition of a Muslim emphasizes social responsibility, while the definition of a Muhajir emphasizes personal piety. Together, they form the complete Muslim character - one who is harmless to others and pure in his own conduct.

Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani notes in Fath al-Bari that the hadith connects outward behavior with inward conviction. Protecting Muslims from harm demonstrates genuine faith, while abandoning prohibitions reflects true God-consciousness (taqwa).

Practical Application

This teaching requires Muslims to constantly monitor their speech and actions, ensuring they cause no harm to fellow believers. It also demands continuous self-purification by abandoning all forbidden matters, making every moment an opportunity for spiritual emigration toward Allah's pleasure.