Blood Money (Ad-Diyat)

Qutayba ibn Saʿid narrated to us: Jarir narrated to us, from al-Aʿmash, from Abu Waʾil, from ʿAmr ibn Shurahbil, who said: ʿAbdullah said: A man asked, “Messenger of God, which sin is greatest in God’s sight?” He said, “That you set up a rival to God, though He created you.” The man asked, “Then which?” He said, “That you kill your child for fear that he will eat with you.” He asked, “Then which?” He said, “That you commit adultery with your neighbor’s wife.” Then God, Mighty and Majestic, sent down in confirmation: “Those who do not invoke another god alongside God, who do not kill a soul that God has forbidden except with due right, and who do not commit adultery—for whoever does that will meet its penalty,” and the rest of the verse.

ʿAli narrated to us: Ishaq ibn Saʿid ibn ʿAmr ibn Saʿid ibn al-ʿAs narrated to us, from his father, from Ibn ʿUmar (may God be pleased with them both), who said: The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “A believer continues to have latitude in his religion so long as he does not shed blood that is forbidden.”

Ahmad ibn Yaʿqub narrated to me: Ishaq narrated to us: I heard my father relate, from ʿAbdullah ibn ʿUmar, who said: Among the perilous entanglements from which there is no escape for one who falls into them is shedding forbidden blood without right.

ʿUbaydullah ibn Musa narrated to us, from al-Aʿmash, from Abu Waʾil, from ʿAbdullah, who said: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “The first matter to be judged between people will be cases of bloodshed.”

ʿAbdan narrated to us: ʿAbdullah narrated to us: Yunus narrated to us, from al-Zuhri. ʿAtaʾ ibn Yazid narrated to us that ʿUbaydullah ibn ʿAdi told him that al-Miqdad ibn ʿAmr al-Kindi, an ally of Banu Zuhra who had been with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) at Badr, told him: I said, “Messenger of God, if I meet an unbeliever and we fight, and he strikes my hand with his sword and cuts it off, then takes refuge behind a tree and says, ‘I submit to God,’ may I kill him after he has said that?” The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “Do not kill him.” I said, “Messenger of God, he cut off one of my hands, and only then said it. May I kill him?” He said, “Do not kill him. If you kill him, he will be in the position you were in before you killed him, and you will be in the position he was in before he uttered the words he said.” Habib ibn Abi ʿAmra also related, from Saʿid, from Ibn ʿAbbas, that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said to al-Miqdad: “If a believing man conceals his faith among an unbelieving people, then makes his faith known and you kill him, you would be as he was when you used to conceal your faith in Mecca.”

Qabisa narrated to us: Sufyan narrated to us, from al-Aʿmash, from ʿAbdullah ibn Murra, from Masruq, from ʿAbdullah (may God be pleased with him), from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said, “No soul is killed unjustly without the first son of Adam bearing a share of its burden.”

Abu al-Walid narrated to us: Shuʿba narrated to us: Waqid ibn ʿAbdullah informed me, from his father, who heard ʿAbdullah ibn ʿUmar, from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said, “Do not revert after me to unbelief, striking one another’s necks.”

Muhammad ibn Bashshar narrated to us: Ghundar narrated to us: Shuʿba narrated to us, from ʿAli ibn Mudrik, who said: I heard Abu Zurʿa ibn ʿAmr ibn Jarir narrate from Jarir, who said: During the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “Make the people listen. Do not revert after me to unbelief, striking one another’s necks.” Abu Bakra and Ibn ʿAbbas also related it from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).

Muhammad ibn Bashshar narrated to me: Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar narrated to us: Shuʿba narrated to us, from Firas, from al-Shaʿbi, from ʿAbdullah ibn ʿAmr, from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said: “The major sins are associating partners with God and being undutiful to one’s parents”—or he said, “a perjurious oath.” Shuʿba was uncertain. Muʿadh said: Shuʿba narrated to us, saying, “The major sins are associating partners with God, a perjurious oath, and being undutiful to one’s parents”—or he said, “killing a person.”

Ishaq ibn Mansur narrated to us: ʿAbd al-Samad narrated to us: Shuʿba narrated to us: ʿUbaydullah ibn Abi Bakr narrated to us, having heard Anas (may God be pleased with him), from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said: “The major sins…” ʿAmr narrated to us: Shuʿba narrated to us, from Ibn Abi Bakr, from Anas ibn Malik, from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said: “The greatest of the major sins are associating partners with God, killing a person, being undutiful to one’s parents, and false speech”—or he said, “false testimony.”

ʿAmr ibn Zurara narrated to us: Hushaym narrated to us: Husayn narrated to us: Abu Zabyan narrated to us: I heard Usama ibn Zayd ibn Haritha (may God be pleased with them both) relate: The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) sent us to al-Huraqa, a group of Juhayna. We attacked them at dawn and routed them. A man from the Ansar and I caught up with one of them. When we closed in on him, he said, “There is no god but God.” The Ansari held back, but I thrust my spear into him and killed him. When we returned, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) heard about it and said to me, “Usama, did you kill him after he said, ‘There is no god but God’?” I said, “Messenger of God, he only said it to protect himself.” He said, “Did you kill him after he said, ‘There is no god but God’?” He kept repeating it to me until I wished I had not accepted Islam before that day.

ʿAbdullah ibn Yusuf narrated to us: Al-Layth narrated to us: Yazid narrated to us, from Abu al-Khayr, from al-Sunabihi, from ʿUbada ibn al-Samit (may God be pleased with him), who said: I was one of the leaders who pledged allegiance to the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him). We pledged that we would associate nothing with God, steal nothing, commit no adultery, kill no soul that God has forbidden, plunder nothing, and disobey no command—and that we would have Paradise if we fulfilled this. If we committed any of these acts, its judgment would be left to God.

Musa ibn Ismaʿil narrated to us: Juwayriya narrated to us, from Nafiʿ, from ʿAbdullah (may God be pleased with him), from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said, “Whoever takes up arms against us is not one of us.” Abu Musa also related it from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).

ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn al-Mubarak narrated to us: Hammad ibn Zayd narrated to us: Ayyub and Yunus narrated to us, from al-Hasan, from al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, who said: I set out to support this man, but Abu Bakra met me and asked, “Where are you going?” I said, “To support this man.” He said, “Turn back, for I heard the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) say, ‘When two Muslims meet with their swords, both the killer and the killed are in the Fire.’” I asked, “Messenger of God, that is the killer. What about the one who was killed?” He said, “He was eager to kill his companion.”

ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn al-Mubarak narrated to us: Hammad ibn Zayd narrated to us: Ayyub and Yunus narrated to us, from al-Hasan, from al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, who said: I set out to support this man, but Abu Bakra met me and asked, “Where are you going?” I said, “To support this man.” He said, “Turn back, for I heard the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) say, ‘When two Muslims meet with their swords, both the killer and the killed are in the Fire.’” I asked, “Messenger of God, that is the killer. What about the one who was killed?” He said, “He was eager to kill his companion.”

Hajjaj ibn Minhal narrated to us: Hammam narrated to us, from Qatada, from Anas ibn Malik (may God be pleased with him), that a Jewish man crushed a girl’s head between two stones. She was asked, “Who did this to you? So-and-so? So-and-so?” until the Jewish man was named. He was brought to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who kept questioning him until he confessed. Then his head was crushed with stones.

Muhammad narrated to us: ʿAbdullah ibn Idris informed us, from Shuʿba, from Hisham ibn Zayd ibn Anas, from his grandfather Anas ibn Malik, who said: A girl wearing silver ornaments went out in Medina. A Jewish man struck her with a stone. She was brought to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) while she still had some life in her. The Messenger of God asked her, “So-and-so killed you?” She raised her head. He asked her again, “So-and-so killed you?” She raised her head. The third time he asked her, “So-and-so killed you?” she lowered her head. The Messenger of God summoned him and had him killed between two stones.

ʿUmar ibn Hafs narrated to us: My father narrated to us: Al-Aʿmash narrated to us, from ʿAbdullah ibn Murra, from Masruq, from ʿAbdullah, who said: The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “The blood of a Muslim who testifies that there is no god but God and that I am the Messenger of God is not lawful except in one of three cases: a life for a life; a previously married adulterer; or one who leaves the religion and abandons the community.”

Muhammad ibn Bashshar narrated to us: Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar narrated to us: Shuʿba narrated to us, from Hisham ibn Zayd, from Anas (may God be pleased with him), that a Jewish man killed a girl over the silver ornaments she wore, striking her with a stone. She was brought to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) while she still had some life in her. He asked, “So-and-so killed you?” She indicated no with her head. He asked a second time, and she indicated no with her head. He asked her a third time, and she indicated yes with her head. The Prophet then killed him with two stones.