Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "Whoever has (the following) four characteristics will be a pure hypocrite: "If he speaks, he tells a lie; if he gives a promise, he breaks it, if he makes a covenant he proves treacherous; and if he quarrels, he behaves in a very imprudent evil insulting manner (unjust). And whoever has one of these characteristics, has one characteristic of a hypocrite, unless he gives it us."
Hadith Commentary: Signs of Hypocrisy
This profound narration from Sahih al-Bukhari 3178 outlines the distinguishing marks of nifāq (hypocrisy) as expounded by classical scholars including Imam al-Nawawi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, and others.
The Four Characteristics of Hypocrisy
When he speaks, he lies: Scholars explain this refers to intentional falsehood in speech, particularly regarding religious matters. Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali notes this indicates a corrupt heart that doesn't fear Allah in speech.
When he promises, he breaks it: Classical commentators emphasize this refers to breaking promises without valid excuse, demonstrating untrustworthiness and disregard for one's word.
When he makes a covenant, he betrays: This includes breaking treaties, agreements, and trusts (amānah). Al-Qurtubi explains this encompasses all forms of betrayal in religious and worldly covenants.
When he disputes, he transgresses: Scholars interpret this as exceeding proper bounds in argumentation through falsehood, oppression, or foul language. Ibn Hajar notes it includes using invalid evidence and stubbornness in falsehood.
Scholarly Distinctions
Classical scholars differentiate between major hypocrisy (nifāq i'tiqādī) - concealing disbelief while professing Islam - and minor hypocrisy (nifāq 'amalī) - displaying these characteristics while maintaining faith. This hadith addresses the latter.
The phrase "unless he gives it up" indicates these traits are not necessarily permanent. Repentance and abandoning these characteristics remove this spiritual designation, as emphasized by multiple classical commentators including Ibn al-Qayyim.
Spiritual Implications
This hadith serves as a mirror for self-reflection. Scholars stress that Muslims must constantly examine their conduct against these four traits and strive to embody their opposites: truthfulness, faithfulness, trustworthiness, and justice in disputes.
The gradual nature mentioned - that possessing one characteristic indicates one aspect of hypocrisy - encourages immediate repentance from any of these traits before they become entrenched in one's character.