Jizyah and Mawaada'ah

ʿAli ibn ʿAbd Allah narrated to us: Sufyan narrated to us, saying: I heard ʿAmr say: I was sitting with Jabir ibn Zayd and ʿAmr ibn Aws when Bajala related to them, in the year 70—the year Musʿab ibn al-Zubayr made the pilgrimage with the people of Basra—at the steps of Zamzam. He said: I was the scribe of Juzʾ ibn Muʿawiya, al-Ahnaf’s paternal uncle. A letter from ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab came to us one year before his death, saying: ‘Separate every close relative among the Magians.’ ʿUmar had not been taking the jizya from the Magians until ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAwf testified that Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) had taken it from the Magians of Hajar.

Abu al-Yaman narrated to us: Shuʿayb informed us, from al-Zuhri, who said: ʿUrwa ibn al-Zubayr narrated to me, from al-Miswar ibn Makhrama, that ʿAmr ibn ʿAwf al-Ansari—an ally of Banu ʿAmir ibn Luʾayy and one who had been present at Badr—informed him that Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) sent Abu ʿUbayda ibn al-Jarrah to Bahrain to collect its jizya. Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) had made a treaty with the people of Bahrain and appointed al-ʿAlaʾ ibn al-Hadrami over them. Abu ʿUbayda arrived with wealth from Bahrain. The Ansar heard of his arrival and came to the dawn prayer with the Prophet (ﷺ). When he had led them in the dawn prayer and turned away, they approached him. Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) smiled when he saw them and said, ‘I think you have heard that Abu ʿUbayda has brought something.’ They said, ‘Yes, Messenger of Allah.’ He said, ‘Then rejoice and hope for what will please you. By Allah, it is not poverty that I fear for you; rather, I fear that worldly life will be spread out before you as it was spread out before those who came before you, and that you will vie for it as they vied for it, and it will destroy you as it destroyed them.’

Al-Fadl ibn Yaʿqub narrated to us: ʿAbd Allah ibn Jaʿfar al-Raqqi narrated to us: al-Muʿtamir ibn Sulayman narrated to us: Saʿid ibn ʿUbayd Allah al-Thaqafi narrated to us: Bakr ibn ʿAbd Allah al-Muzani and Ziyad ibn Jubayr narrated to us, from Jubayr ibn Hayya, who said: ʿUmar sent people from the various regions to fight the polytheists. Al-Hurmuzan embraced Islam, and ʿUmar said, ‘I want to consult you about these campaigns of mine.’ He said, ‘Yes. The example of these campaigns and the people in them who are enemies of the Muslims is that of a bird with a head, two wings, and two legs. If one wing is broken, the two legs, the other wing, and the head can still support it. If the other wing is broken, the two legs and the head can still support it. But if its head is crushed, the two legs, the two wings, and the head are all lost. The head is Khosrau; one wing is Caesar; and the other wing is Persia. So order the Muslims to march against Khosrau.’ Bakr and Ziyad both related from Jubayr ibn Hayya, who said: ʿUmar then called us to the campaign and appointed al-Nuʿman ibn Muqarrin over us. When we were in enemy territory, Khosrau’s governor came out against us with forty thousand men. An interpreter stood up and said, ‘Let one of you speak to me.’ Al-Mughira said, ‘Ask whatever you wish.’ He asked, ‘Who are you?’ He replied, ‘We are Arabs. We lived in great hardship and distress: from hunger we sucked leather and date stones; we wore wool and hair; and we worshipped trees and stones. While we were in that state, the Lord of the heavens and the earth—exalted is His mention and magnificent is His majesty—sent to us a Prophet from among ourselves, whose father and mother we know. Our Prophet, the Messenger of our Lord (ﷺ), commanded us to fight you until you worship Allah alone or pay the jizya. Our Prophet (ﷺ) informed us of our Lord’s message: whoever among us is killed will enter Paradise, in a bliss the like of which he has never seen; and whoever remains alive will become master over your persons.’ Al-Nuʿman said, ‘Perhaps Allah will let you witness something like this alongside the Prophet (ﷺ), and you would neither regret it nor be disgraced. But I witnessed battles with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ): when he did not fight at the beginning of the day, he would wait until the winds began to blow and the prayer times arrived.’

Sahl ibn Bakkar narrated to us: Wuhayb narrated to us, from ʿAmr ibn Yahya, from ʿAbbas al-Saʿidi, from Abu Humayd al-Saʿidi, who said: We went on the Tabuk campaign with the Prophet (ﷺ). The ruler of Ayla presented the Prophet (ﷺ) with a white mule and a mantle, and granted him their sea by written agreement.

Adam ibn Abi Iyas narrated to us: Shuʿba narrated to us: Abu Jamra narrated to us, saying: I heard Juwairiya ibn Qudama al-Tamimi say: I heard ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him). We said, ‘Advise us, Commander of the Faithful.’ He said, ‘I advise you to uphold Allah’s covenant, for it is the covenant of your Prophet and the provision for your dependents.’

Ahmad ibn Yunus narrated to us: Zuhayr narrated to us, from Yahya ibn Saʿid, who said: I heard Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) say: The Prophet (ﷺ) called the Ansar to grant them land in Bahrain. They said, ‘No, by Allah, not unless you grant the same to our brothers from Quraysh.’ He said, ‘That is theirs, as Allah wills.’ They kept saying this to him. He then said, ‘After I am gone, you will see others preferred over you. So be patient until you meet me at the Pool.’

ʿAli ibn ʿAbd Allah narrated to us: Ismaʿil ibn Ibrahim narrated to us, saying: Rawh ibn al-Qasim informed me, from Muhammad ibn al-Munkadir, from Jabir ibn ʿAbd Allah (may Allah be pleased with them both), who said: Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) once said to me, ‘When the wealth from Bahrain comes to us, I will give you this much, and this much, and this much.’ When Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) had passed away and the wealth from Bahrain arrived, Abu Bakr said, ‘Whoever was promised something by Allah’s Messenger, let him come to me.’ I went to him and said, ‘Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) had told me, “When the wealth from Bahrain comes to us, I will give you this much, and this much, and this much.”’ He said to me, ‘Scoop some up.’ I scooped up a handful. He said, ‘Count it.’ I counted it and it was five hundred. He gave me one thousand five hundred. Ibrahim ibn Tahman related from ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn Suhayb, from Anas: Wealth from Bahrain was brought to the Prophet (ﷺ), and he said, ‘Spread it out in the mosque.’ It was the greatest amount of wealth ever brought to Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ). Then al-ʿAbbas came and said, ‘Messenger of Allah, give me; I ransomed myself and ʿAqil.’ He said, ‘Take.’ Al-ʿAbbas scooped it into his garment, then tried to lift it but could not. He said, ‘Order someone to lift it for me.’ He replied, ‘No.’ He said, ‘Then lift it onto me yourself.’ He replied, ‘No.’ Al-ʿAbbas poured some of it out, then tried to lift it but still could not. He said, ‘Order someone to lift it onto me.’ He replied, ‘No.’ He said, ‘Then lift it onto me yourself.’ He replied, ‘No.’ Al-ʿAbbas poured some out, then carried it on his shoulder and went off. The Prophet (ﷺ) kept watching him until he disappeared from our view, amazed at his eagerness. Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) did not rise while even a dirham of it remained.’

Qays ibn Hafs narrated to us: ʿAbd al-Wahid narrated to us: al-Hasan ibn ʿAmr narrated to us: Mujahid narrated to us, from ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAmr (may Allah be pleased with them both), from the Prophet (ﷺ), who said: ‘Whoever kills a person under treaty will not smell the fragrance of Paradise, though its fragrance can be perceived from a distance of forty years.’

ʿAbd Allah ibn Yusuf narrated to us: al-Layth narrated to us, saying: Saʿid al-Maqburi narrated to me, from his father, from Abu Hurayra (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: While we were in the mosque, the Prophet (ﷺ) came out and said, ‘Come, let us go to the Jews.’ We went out until we reached Bayt al-Midras. He said, ‘Embrace Islam and you will be safe. Know that the land belongs to Allah and His Messenger, and I intend to expel you from this land. Whoever among you can obtain something for his property, let him sell it; otherwise, know that the land belongs to Allah and His Messenger.’

Muhammad narrated to us: Ibn ʿUyayna narrated to us, from Sulayman al-Ahwal, who heard Saʿid ibn Jubayr, who heard Ibn ʿAbbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) say: ‘Thursday—and what a Thursday!’ Then he wept until his tears soaked the pebbles. I said, ‘Abu ʿAbbas, what about Thursday?’ He said: The Messenger of Allah’s (ﷺ) pain became severe, and he said, ‘Bring me a shoulder blade so I can write something for you after which you will never go astray.’ They disputed, though dispute is not fitting in the presence of a Prophet. They said, ‘What is the matter with him? Has he become delirious? Ask him.’ He said, ‘Leave me. The state I am in is better than what you are calling me to.’ He instructed them to do three things, saying: ‘Expel the polytheists from the Arabian Peninsula, and grant delegations gifts comparable to what I used to grant them.’ The third was good; either he was silent about it, or he said it and I forgot. Sufyan said: This is from Sulayman’s wording.

ʿAbd Allah ibn Yusuf narrated to us: al-Layth narrated to us, saying: Saʿid narrated to me, from Abu Hurayra (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: When Khaybar was conquered, a sheep containing poison was given to the Prophet (ﷺ) as a gift. The Prophet (ﷺ) said, ‘Gather here for me the Jews who are present.’ They were gathered, and he said, ‘I will ask you something; will you tell me the truth about it?’ They said, ‘Yes.’ The Prophet asked them, ‘Who is your father?’ They said, ‘So-and-so.’ He said, ‘You have lied; rather, your father is so-and-so.’ They said, ‘You have spoken truly.’ He said, ‘Will you tell me the truth about something if I ask you?’ They said, ‘Yes, Abu al-Qasim. If we lie, you will recognize our lie just as you recognized it concerning our father.’ He said to them, ‘Who are the people of the Fire?’ They said, ‘We will remain in it for a short time, then you will replace us in it.’ The Prophet (ﷺ) said, ‘Be driven away in it, abased! By Allah, we will never replace you in it.’ Then he said, ‘Will you tell me the truth about something if I ask you?’ They said, ‘Yes, Abu al-Qasim.’ He asked, ‘Did you put poison in this sheep?’ They said, ‘Yes.’ He asked, ‘What made you do that?’ They said, ‘We wanted to be rid of you if you were a liar, and if you were a Prophet, it would not harm you.’

Abu al-Nuʿman narrated to us: Thabit ibn Yazid narrated to us: ʿAsim narrated to us, saying: I asked Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) about qunut. He said, ‘It is before bowing.’ I said, ‘So-and-so claims that you said it is after bowing.’ He replied, ‘He has lied.’ Then he related to us from the Prophet (ﷺ) that he performed qunut for a month after bowing, invoking against certain clans of Banu Sulaym. He said: The Prophet (ﷺ) sent forty—or seventy, the narrator was unsure—reciters to some polytheists. Those people ambushed them and killed them, although they had a pact with the Prophet (ﷺ). I never saw him grieve over anyone as deeply as he grieved over them.’

ʿAbd Allah ibn Yusuf narrated to us: Malik informed us, from Abu al-Nadr, the freedman of ʿUmar ibn ʿUbayd Allah, that Abu Murra, the freedman of Umm Haniʾ bint Abi Talib, informed him that he heard Umm Haniʾ bint Abi Talib say: In the year of the Conquest, I went to Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) and found him bathing, while his daughter Fatima screened him. I greeted him, and he said, ‘Who is that?’ I said, ‘I am Umm Haniʾ bint Abi Talib.’ He said, ‘Welcome, Umm Haniʾ.’ When he had finished bathing, he stood and prayed eight rakʿahs, wrapped in a single garment. I said, ‘Messenger of Allah, my maternal brother ʿAli claims he will kill a man whom I have granted protection—so-and-so ibn Hubayra.’ Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said, ‘We grant protection to the one whom you have granted protection, Umm Haniʾ.’ Umm Haniʾ said: That was in the forenoon.

Muhammad narrated to us: Wakiʿ informed us, from al-Aʿmash, from Ibrahim al-Taymi, from his father, who said: ʿAli addressed us, saying: ‘We have no book that we read except the Book of Allah and what is in this sheet.’ It contains rulings on wounds and the ages of camels, and that Madinah is a sanctuary from ʿAyr to such-and-such. Whoever commits an offense there or shelters an offender, upon him is the curse of Allah, the angels, and all people; no obligatory or voluntary deed will be accepted from him. Whoever takes as patron someone other than his own patrons will incur the same. The protection granted by the Muslims is one; whoever violates a Muslim’s protection will incur the same.’

Muhammad narrated to us: Wakiʿ informed us, from al-Aʿmash, from Ibrahim al-Taymi, from his father, who said: ʿAli addressed us, saying: ‘We have no book that we read except the Book of Allah and what is in this sheet.’ It contains rulings on wounds and the ages of camels, and that Madinah is a sanctuary from ʿAyr to such-and-such. Whoever commits an offense there or shelters an offender, upon him is the curse of Allah, the angels, and all people; no obligatory or voluntary deed will be accepted from him. Whoever takes as patron someone other than his own patrons will incur the same. The protection granted by the Muslims is one; whoever violates a Muslim’s protection will incur the same.’

Musaddad narrated to us: Bishr—namely, Ibn al-Mufaddal—narrated to us: Yahya narrated to us, from Bushayr ibn Yasar, from Sahl ibn Abi Hathma, who said: ʿAbd Allah ibn Sahl and Muhayyisa ibn Masʿud ibn Zayd set out for Khaybar, which at that time was under a peace treaty. They went separate ways. Muhayyisa came upon ʿAbd Allah ibn Sahl, who was writhing in his blood, killed. He buried him, then came to Madinah. ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Sahl and Muhayyisa and Huwayyisa, the two sons of Masʿud, went to the Prophet (ﷺ). ʿAbd al-Rahman began to speak, but the Prophet said, ‘Let the older one speak first.’ ʿAbd al-Rahman was the youngest of them, so he fell silent, and the other two spoke. The Prophet said, ‘Will you swear, and thereby establish your claim against your killer—or your companion’s killer?’ They said, ‘How can we swear when we neither witnessed it nor saw it?’ He said, ‘Then the Jews will clear you by taking fifty oaths.’ They said, ‘How can we accept the oaths of a people who are disbelievers?’ So the Prophet (ﷺ) paid the blood money on his own behalf.

Yahya ibn Bukayr narrated to us: al-Layth narrated to us, from Yunus, from Ibn Shihab, from ʿUbayd Allah ibn ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUtba, who informed him that ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAbbas informed him that Abu Sufyan ibn Harb informed him: Heraclius sent for him while he was with a group of Quraysh who were merchants in Syria, during the period in which Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) had made a truce with Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh unbelievers.

Muhammad ibn al-Muthanna narrated to me: Yahya narrated to us: Hisham narrated to us, saying: My father narrated to me, from ʿAʾisha, that the Prophet (ﷺ) was bewitched, so that he would imagine he had done something when he had not done it.

Al-Humaydi narrated to us: al-Walid ibn Muslim narrated to us: ʿAbd Allah ibn al-ʿAlaʾ ibn Zabr narrated to us, saying: I heard Bus r ibn ʿUbayd Allah, who heard Abu Idris, say: I heard ʿAwf ibn Malik say: I came to the Prophet (ﷺ) during the Tabuk campaign, while he was in a leather tent. He said, ‘Count six things before the Hour: my death; the conquest of Jerusalem; a plague that will strike you like a disease that kills sheep; an abundance of wealth, such that a man will be given one hundred dinars yet remain dissatisfied; then a tribulation that will enter every Arab household; then a truce between you and the Banu al-Asfar, which they will betray, coming against you under eighty banners, each banner with twelve thousand men.’