The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Whoever has (the following) four characters will be a hypocrite, and whoever has one of the following four characteristics will have one characteristic of hypocrisy until he gives it up. These are: (1 ) Whenever he talks, he tells a lie; (2) whenever he makes a promise, he breaks it; (3) whenever he makes a covenant he proves treacherous; (4) and whenever he quarrels, he behaves impudently in an evil insulting manner." (See Hadith No. 33 Vol. 1)
The Four Characteristics of Hypocrisy
This profound hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari 2459 outlines the defining traits that distinguish the hypocrite (munāfiq) in both complete and partial manifestations. The Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) establishes a crucial distinction: possessing all four traits constitutes complete hypocrisy in faith (nifāq al-iʿtiqād), while having any single one represents a branch of hypocrisy in conduct (nifāq al-ʿamalī) until repented.
Scholarly Commentary on the Four Traits
1. Lying in Speech: The scholars explain that habitual lying in ordinary matters indicates corruption in the heart. Al-Nawawi states this demonstrates a lack of fear of Allah, as truthfulness (ṣidq) is the foundation of faith and lying is its antithesis.
2. Breaking Promises: Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī clarifies that this refers to breaking promises made to Muslims without valid excuse. Keeping promises reflects one's integrity and trustworthiness, essential qualities of a believer.
3. Betraying Trusts: This encompasses all forms of trust (amānah) - from financial deposits to confidential matters. Treachery violates the fundamental Islamic principle of faithfulness, which the Prophet described as inherent to true faith.
4. Vulgarity in Dispute: Scholars define this as abandoning moral boundaries during arguments, using foul language, false accusations, or excessive hostility. The believer disputes with proper etiquette, seeking truth rather than victory.
Practical Implications
This hadith serves as a mirror for self-reflection. The righteous predecessors would constantly examine themselves against these traits. Having one characteristic doesn't make someone an absolute hypocrite, but it represents a dangerous spiritual disease requiring immediate treatment through repentance and self-reform.