Hadith Text and Context

The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "A woman should not travel for more than three days except with a Dhi-Mahram." (Sahih al-Bukhari 1087)

This hadith from the chapter "Shortening the Prayers (At-Taqseer)" establishes a fundamental principle in Islamic law regarding women's travel, emphasizing protection and prevention of potential harm.

Definition of Key Terms

"Dhi-Mahram" refers to a male relative whom the woman cannot marry due to close blood relation, marriage, or breastfeeding. Examples include her father, brother, son, uncle, father-in-law, etc.

"Three days" refers to the distance equivalent to three days' journey by traditional means, which scholars estimated as approximately 48 miles or 77 kilometers.

Legal Rulings and Scholarly Consensus

The majority of scholars consider this prohibition obligatory (wajib), based on the clear command and the wisdom behind it - protecting women's honor and safety.

This ruling applies to all types of travel, whether for Hajj, Umrah, business, or visitation, unless there exists absolute safety and proper female companionship as some later scholars permitted in specific circumstances.

Wisdom and Objectives

This ruling preserves the woman's dignity and protects her from potential harm during travel when she might be vulnerable.

It maintains Islamic standards of modesty and prevents situations that could lead to moral compromise or physical danger.

The ruling reflects Islam's comprehensive care for women's welfare in all aspects of life.