The Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, "It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allah and the Last Day to travel for one day and night except with a Mahram."
Hadith Text & Reference
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allah and the Last Day to travel for one day and night except with a Mahram."
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari 1088
Legal Ruling & Conditions
This hadith establishes a fundamental principle in Islamic law regarding women's travel. The prohibition applies to journeys lasting a "day and night" - traditionally understood as the distance where shortening prayers becomes permissible (approximately 48 miles/80 km).
A Mahram refers to a male relative whom the woman cannot marry permanently (father, brother, son, uncle, nephew, father-in-law, etc.). The wisdom behind this ruling includes protection of honor, prevention of harm, and preservation of modesty.
Scholarly Interpretation
Imam al-Nawawi explains that this prohibition applies to voluntary travel. There is scholarly difference regarding obligatory travel like Hajj, with the majority requiring a Mahram even for obligatory journeys.
Ibn Taymiyyah notes that the phrase "who believes in Allah and the Last Day" emphasizes the gravity of this ruling, connecting it to essential matters of faith.
Contemporary Applications
Modern scholars have addressed air travel and safe transportation. Some permit travel in secure groups of trustworthy women or with reliable public transport, while others maintain the original ruling.
The underlying principle remains the same: ensuring the woman's safety, honor, and protection from potential harm during travel.