Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The signs of a hypocrite are three: (1) whenever he speaks, he tells a lie, (2) whenever he is entrusted, he proves to be dishonest, (3) whenever he promises, he breaks his promise.
Hadith of the Three Signs of Hypocrisy
From Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Witnesses, Hadith 2682
Textual Analysis
The Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) identifies three distinguishing characteristics of nifaq (hypocrisy) in this authentic narration. These traits manifest in speech, trust, and commitments.
Scholarly Commentary
Imam al-Nawawi explains that these are the signs of hypocrisy in one's actions, not necessarily indicating absolute hypocrisy in faith. The complete hypocrite is one who conceals disbelief while outwardly showing Islam.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani clarifies that possessing one characteristic does not make someone a complete munafiq, but rather indicates they share in the traits of hypocrisy. The more one exhibits these traits, the closer they approach true hypocrisy.
First Sign: Lying in Speech
When the hypocrite speaks, he intentionally distorts truth. This reflects corruption in his relationship with knowledge and communication. The believer is commanded to speak truth always, as truthfulness leads to righteousness.
Second Sign: Betrayal of Trust
The hypocrite violates amanah (trusts), whether material possessions, secrets, or responsibilities. This shows deficiency in his character and reliability. The believer must be trustworthy, fulfilling what is entrusted to him.
Third Sign: Breaking Promises
The hypocrite makes commitments lightly and breaks them easily, showing disregard for his word. Islam emphasizes keeping promises as a fundamental aspect of faith and social responsibility.
Spiritual Remedy
Scholars advise constant self-examination against these traits. The believer should cultivate truthfulness, fulfill trusts meticulously, and honor all commitments. Repentance and conscious effort to embody opposite virtues are essential for spiritual protection.