Sunan Ibn Majah
The Chapters on Pawning
كتاب الرهون
Chapter 9
الرُّخْصَةِ فِي كِرَاءِ الأَرْضِ الْبَيْضَاءِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn Rumh narrated to us: al-Layth ibn Sad informed us, from Abd al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Jurayj, from Amr ibn Dinar, from Tawus, from Ibn Abbas, who heard that people were increasingly leasing out land. He said: Glory be to Allah! The Messenger of Allah ﷺ only said that one of you should grant its use to his brother; he did not forbid leasing it out.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
Ibn Abbas explicitly distinguishes the Prophet exhorting people to grant land to a brother from forbidding rent. The Arabic question ألا منحها أحدكم أخاه is rendered as a rhetorical encouragement.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Azim al-Anbari narrated to us: Abd al-Razzaq narrated to us: Mamar informed us, from Ibn Tawus, from his father, from Ibn Abbas, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “For one of you to grant his land to his brother is better than taking such-and-such rent for it”—that is, a specified amount. Ibn Abbas said: This is al-haql, and in the language of the Ansar it is called muhaqalah.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic includes the gloss “for a known thing,” clarifying the rent as a specified amount, and Ibn Abbas explanation identifying al-haql and the Ansari term muhaqalah. Both are absent from the English witness and retained here.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn al-Sabbah narrated to us: Sufyan ibn Uyaynah narrated to us, from Yahya ibn Said, from Hanzalah ibn Qays, who said: I asked Rafi ibn Khadij. He said, “We used to rent land on the condition that you would take what this portion produced and I would take what that portion produced. We were forbidden to rent it on the basis of what it produced, but we were not forbidden to rent land for silver.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The prohibited arrangement assigns each party the crop from a specified section of the field; the report contrasts this with monetary rent in silver. The English witness phrase “crop-sharing” could obscure the specific divided-plot condition, so the Arabic detail is retained.
Chapter 10
مَا يُكْرَهُ مِنَ الْمُزَارَعَةِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abd al-Rahman ibn Ibrahim al-Dimashqi narrated to us: al-Walid ibn Muslim narrated to us: al-Awzai narrated to us: Abu al-Najashi informed me that he heard Rafi ibn Khadij relating from his paternal uncle Zuhayr, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade us from something that had been convenient for us. I said, “Whatever the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said is true.” He said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ asked, “What do you do with your fields?” We replied, “We rent them for a third or a quarter of the yield, or for fixed measures of wheat and barley.” He said, “Do not do that. Cultivate them yourselves or have them cultivated.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic lists rent as a third, a quarter, or fixed wasqs of wheat and barley. The unit is retained as a measure without conversion. The report preserves Zuhayr statement and the following response attributed through Rafi.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn Yahya narrated to us: Abd al-Razzaq informed us: al-Thawri informed us, from Mansur, from Mujahid, from Usayd ibn Zuhayr, the nephew of Rafi ibn Khadij, from Rafi ibn Khadij, who said: When one of us no longer needed his land, he would give it out for a third, a quarter, or a half of the yield, stipulating the produce from three canals, al-qusarah, and what the spring watered. Life was difficult then. He worked the land with iron implements and as Allah willed, and he gained some benefit from it. Then Rafi ibn Khadij came to us and said, “The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade you from something that was beneficial to you, but obedience to Allah and His Messenger is more beneficial for you. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade al-haql and said that whoever has no need of his land should grant its use to his brother or leave it.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic preserves the crop-share alternatives of one-third, one-quarter, and one-half, plus crop-specific conditions. The terms ثلاثة جداول and القصارة are specialized and their exact agricultural referents are uncertain; they are retained in transliteration with the English witness gloss as context. ما سقى الربيع is rendered as what the spring watered.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Yaqub ibn Ibrahim al-Dawraqi narrated to us: Ismail ibn Ulayyah narrated to us: Abd al-Rahman ibn Ishaq narrated to us: Abu Ubaydah ibn Muhammad ibn Ammar ibn Yasir narrated to me, from al-Walid ibn Abi al-Walid, from Urwah ibn al-Zubayr, who said: Zayd ibn Thabit said: May Allah forgive Rafi ibn Khadij. By Allah, I know the hadith better than he does. Two men who had fought came to the Prophet ﷺ, and he told them that if this was how things were between them, they should not rent out farmland. Rafi ibn Khadij heard him say only not to rent out farmland.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic preserves Zayd ibn Thabit criticism of Rafi ibn Khadij and describes two men who had fought. The conditional wording and the shorter phrase heard by Rafi are both retained.
Chapter 11
الرُّخْصَةِ فِي الْمُزَارَعَةِ بِالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn al-Sabbah narrated to us: Sufyan ibn Uyaynah informed us, from Amr ibn Dinar, who said: I said to Tawus, “Abu Abd al-Rahman, why do you not give up this mukhabarah? They claim that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade it.” He replied, “Yes, Amr, I help them and give them [a share], and Muadh ibn Jabal had people here follow this practice. The most knowledgeable among them—I mean Ibn Abbas—informed me that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not forbid it. Rather, he said that for one of you to grant land to his brother is better than taking a fixed rent for it.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic explicitly attributes the non-prohibition claim to Ibn Abbas as reported by Tawus. The phrase وأعطيهم does not specify the thing given, so “a share” is supplied from the mukhabarah context. The wording about Muadh is compressed and rendered broadly as establishing the practice locally.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Ahmad ibn Thabit al-Jahdari narrated to us: Abd al-Wahhab narrated to us, from Khalid, from Mujahid, from Tawus, that Muadh ibn Jabal rented land during the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman for a third or a quarter of the yield, and this practice continued until your day.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic leaves the subject of فهو يعمل به somewhat compressed; it may refer to Muadh or to the practice. “This practice continued” avoids asserting that Muadh personally remained alive and doing so.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abu Bakr ibn Khallad al-Bahili and Muhammad ibn Ismail both narrated to us: Waki narrated to us, from Sufyan, from Amr ibn Dinar, from Tawus, who said: Ibn Abbas said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ only said, “For one of you to grant land to his brother is better than taking a fixed rent for it.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic includes Tawus attributing Ibn Abbas statement, which in turn quotes the Prophet. The rent is described as a known or fixed amount (خراج معلوم).
Chapter 12
اسْتِكْرَاءِ الأَرْضِ بِالطَّعَامِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Humayd ibn Masadah narrated to us: Khalid ibn al-Harith narrated to us: Said ibn Abi Arubah narrated to us, from Yala ibn Hakim, from Sulayman ibn Yasar, from Rafi ibn Khadij, who said: We used to practice muhaqalah during the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He reported that some of his paternal uncles came to them and said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had said, “Whoever has land should not rent it out for a specified amount of food.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic uses muhaqalah for the land arrangement and specifies a fixed quantity of food as rent. The pronoun in his paternal uncles came to them is not further identified in this wording.
Chapter 13
مَنْ زَرَعَ فِي أَرْضِ قَوْمٍ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِهِمْ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abdullah ibn Amir ibn Zararah narrated to us: Sharik narrated to us, from Abu Ishaq, from Ata, from Rafi ibn Khadij, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “Whoever cultivates another people land without their permission has no right to any of its produce, but his expenses are to be returned to him.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic states both the exclusion from the crop and repayment of cultivation expenses.
Chapter 14
مُعَامَلَةِ النَّخِيلِ وَالْكُرُومِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn al-Sabbah, Sahl ibn Abi Sahl, and Ishaq ibn Mansur all narrated to us: Yahya ibn Said al-Qattan narrated to us, from Ubaydullah ibn Umar, from Nafi, from Ibn Umar, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ made an arrangement with the people of Khaybar for one half of the fruit or crops produced.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic specifies half of the produce, whether fruit or crops, and refers to the arrangement with the people of Khaybar.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Ismail ibn Tawbah narrated to us: Hushaym narrated to us, from Ibn Abi Layla, from al-Hakam ibn Utaybah, from Miqsam, from Ibn Abbas, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ granted Khaybar to its inhabitants on the basis that they would receive half of its date palms and land.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic chain names Ibn Abbas, whereas the English witness incorrectly attributes this to Anas ibn Malik. The Arabic says the people of Khaybar received half of the palms and land; the translation follows that source wording.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Ali ibn al-Mundhir narrated to us: Muhammad ibn Fudayl narrated to us, from Muslim al-Awar, from Anas ibn Malik, who said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ conquered Khaybar, he granted it on the basis of half the yield.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic states the half-share arrangement without further detailing the division in this brief wording.
Chapter 15
تَلْقِيحِ النَّخْلِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Ali ibn Muhammad narrated to us: Ubaydullah ibn Musa narrated to us, from Israil, from Simak, who heard Musa ibn Talhah ibn Ubaydullah relate from his father, who said: I was passing among date palms with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ when he saw some people pollinating the palms. He asked what they were doing. They said they took pollen from the male and placed it in the female. He said, “I do not think that will do any good.” This reached them, so they stopped and left it. When the Prophet ﷺ was told, he said, “That was only an opinion. If it does any good, then do it. I am only a human being like you. An opinion may be right or wrong. But when I convey to you something Allah has said, I will never lie about Allah.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic says they stopped and abandoned the practice; the English witness adds that their yield declined, which is absent from this Arabic wording. The statement distinguishes a personal opinion that may be mistaken from conveying what Allah has said.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn Yahya narrated to us: Affan narrated to us: Hammad narrated to us from Thabit, from Anas ibn Malik, and from Hisham ibn Urwah, from his father, from Aishah, that the Prophet ﷺ heard some sounds and asked, “What is that sound?” They said, “People are pollinating the date palms.” He said, “If they did not do that, it would turn out well.” They did not pollinate that year, and the dates turned out shriveled and poor. This was mentioned to the Prophet ﷺ, and he said, “If it is something concerning your worldly affairs, then you know best what to do with it; if it is something concerning your religion, then refer it to me.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic presents two routes: Thabit from Anas, and Hisham ibn Urwah from his father from Aishah. The term شيص describes poor, shriveled or unripe dates. The English witness omits the first clause about worldly affairs; it is included from the Arabic.
Chapter 16
الْمُسْلِمُونَ شُرَكَاءُ فِي ثَلاَثٍ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abdullah ibn Said narrated to us: Abdullah ibn Khirash ibn Hawshab al-Shaybani narrated to us, from al-Awwam ibn Hawshab, from Mujahid, from Ibn Abbas, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “Muslims are partners in three things: water, pasture, and fire; charging for them is unlawful.” Abu Said said: He means flowing water.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic appends an explanatory note from Abu Said, identifying the water as flowing water; it is included. The singular pronoun in ثمنه refers back generally to these shared resources.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Yazid narrated to us: Sufyan narrated to us, from Abu al-Zinad, from al-Araj, from Abu Hurayrah, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “Three things must not be withheld: water, pasture, and fire.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic gives a direct prohibition on withholding access to these three resources.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Ammar ibn Khalid al-Wasiti narrated to us: Ali ibn Gharrab narrated to us, from Zuhayr ibn Marzuq, from Ali ibn Zayd ibn Judan, from Said ibn al-Musayyab, from Aishah, who said: I asked, “Messenger of Allah, what must not be withheld?” He said, “Water, salt, and fire.” I said, “Messenger of Allah, we know about water, but what about salt and fire?” He said, “Humayra, whoever gives fire to another is as though he gave in charity all that fire cooks. Whoever gives salt is as though he gave in charity all that the salt makes wholesome. Whoever gives a Muslim a drink of water where water is available is as though he freed a person; and whoever gives a Muslim a drink of water where water is unavailable is as though he brought that person to life.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The complete source continues beyond the list of shared resources with four comparisons of charitable benefit, all included. Humayra is the form of address in the Arabic. The text distinguishes water supplied where water is available from where it is not.
Chapter 17
إِقْطَاعِ الأَنْهَارِ وَالْعُيُونِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn Abi Umar al-Adani narrated to us: Faraj ibn Said ibn Alqamah ibn Said ibn Abyad ibn Hammal narrated to us: My paternal uncle, Thabit ibn Said ibn Abyad ibn Hammal, narrated to me, from his father Said, from his father Abyad ibn Hammal. Abyad had asked that the salt called the Salt of the Ma rib Dam be allotted to him, and it was granted to him. Then al-Aqra ibn Habis al-Tamimi came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said, “Messenger of Allah, I used to access this salt in the pre-Islamic period. It is in a land with no water, and whoever comes to it takes from it. It is like abundant flowing water.” The Messenger of Allah ﷺ asked Abyad to relinquish his allotment of the salt. Abyad said, “I relinquish it to you on the condition that you make it charity from me.” The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “It is charity from you. It is like abundant flowing water: whoever comes to it may take from it.” Faraj said: It remains that way today; whoever comes to it takes from it. The Prophet ﷺ then allotted Abyad land and palm trees at al-Jurf, Jurf Murad, in exchange for the salt allotment he relinquished.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic includes the family chain, the challenge based on the salt source being like abundant water, Abyad making its release charity, Faraj note that open access continues, and a replacement land-and-palm allotment. All are retained.