Abu Sa'id reported God’s messenger as saying, “Bathing on Friday is obligatory on everyone who has reached puberty.” (Bukhari and Muslim.)
The Obligation of Friday Bath
This hadith from Mishkat al-Masabih 538 establishes the obligation of ghusl (ritual bath) on Friday for every adult Muslim. The scholars have differed in interpreting this obligation - while the apparent meaning suggests absolute obligation (wajib), the majority of jurists consider it strongly recommended (sunnah mu'akkadah) rather than absolutely obligatory.
Scholarly Interpretation
Imam al-Nawawi explains that though the wording indicates obligation, the consensus of scholars treats it as a emphasized sunnah. This is supported by other narrations where the Prophet showed leniency regarding this matter.
The bath should be performed before the Friday prayer, preferably close to the time of departure for the mosque. It serves both physical purification and spiritual preparation for the congregational prayer.
Wisdom Behind the Ruling
This purification ensures cleanliness when Muslims gather in large numbers, preventing offensive odors and promoting hygiene. It also symbolizes spiritual cleansing and preparation for standing before God in congregation.
The specification of puberty indicates that children are exempt, as they are not yet obligated to perform Friday prayers in congregation.