Abu Bakra told that when God’s Messenger heard the people of Persia had made Kisra’s daughter their queen he said, “People who make a woman their ruler will never prosper.” Bukhari transmitted it.
The Offices of Commander and Qadi - Mishkat al-Masabih 3693
A commentary by Imam al-Munawi from "Fayd al-Qadir" on the prohibition of female leadership in governance.
Contextual Analysis
This hadith addresses the specific historical circumstance of Persia's appointment of a female monarch. The Prophet's statement came as divine guidance regarding optimal governance structure.
The prohibition applies specifically to the highest executive authority (wilayat al-'uzma) where independent judgment and leadership in public affairs are required.
Scholarly Interpretation
Classical scholars like Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani explain that women are excluded from positions requiring independent judgment (ijtihad) in public governance due to potential conflicts with their primary responsibilities and natural dispositions.
Imam al-Qurtubi notes this ruling preserves the complementary roles Allah established between men and women in society.
Scope and Application
The prohibition is specific to overall political leadership. Scholars permit women's participation in advisory roles, specialized positions, and areas where their expertise benefits the community.
This ruling does not diminish women's spiritual equality before Allah nor their capabilities in other spheres of life.