'A’isha told that when Abu Bakr became caliph he said, “My people know that my trade was not incapable of supporting my family, but I have become occupied with the affairs of the Muslims, so Abu Bakr’s family will be supported from this property while he works for it on behalf of the Muslims." Bukhari transmitted it.
The Offices of Commander and Qadi - Mishkat al-Masabih 3747
This narration from Sayyidah 'A'isha concerning the righteous Caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddiq establishes a foundational principle of Islamic governance. When assuming leadership of the Muslim community, Abu Bakr recognized that his new responsibilities would prevent him from engaging in his previous trade, which had adequately sustained his household.
Scholarly Commentary
The classical scholars explain that this hadith demonstrates the permissibility of a ruler receiving compensation from the public treasury (bait al-mal) when governmental duties prevent him from earning a livelihood through private means. This is not considered a salary but rather rightful sustenance for one who dedicates himself to serving the Muslim community.
Imam al-Nawawi comments that Abu Bakr's statement shows his scrupulousness (wara') and integrity. He explicitly declared his intention to avoid any appearance of misappropriating public funds, setting a precedent for transparent governance.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in Fath al-Bari emphasizes that this narration establishes the principle that those who work full-time for public welfare may legitimately receive maintenance from public funds, provided this is done with clear accountability and proper intention.
Legal Rulings Derived
The Hanafi school holds that the ruler may take what suffices for himself and his dependents from the public treasury, following Abu Bakr's example.
The Maliki jurists state that this compensation should be moderate and proportionate to the ruler's needs and the treasury's condition.
The Shafi'i scholars emphasize that this ruling applies to all who work in public service when their duties prevent private employment.
The Hanbali school maintains that taking from the treasury is permissible only when necessary and with proper authorization from the Muslim community.