The Offices of Commander and Qadi

A commentary on the Prophetic tradition from Mishkat al-Masabih 3722

Textual Analysis

This noble hadith, transmitted by the esteemed companion Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and recorded in both Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, contains profound guidance for those entrusted with authority and leadership.

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) instructed his emissaries with four essential principles that form the foundation of Islamic governance and public service.

Scholarly Commentary

"Gladden people" (bashshirū) means to approach others with good tidings, gentle speech, and a cheerful countenance. As Imam al-Nawawi explains, this creates receptivity to guidance and fosters love between the ruler and the ruled.

"Do not scare them" (lā tunaffirū) prohibits harshness and intimidation, which drive people away from truth and create barriers to reform. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani notes that fear should only be used as a last resort in extreme cases of disobedience.

"Make things easy" (yassirū) embodies the fundamental Islamic principle of removing hardship. Scholars like Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali emphasize that this applies to both religious matters and worldly affairs, always choosing the simpler, more accommodating path.

"Do not make them difficult" (lā tu'assirū) warns against unnecessary complications and rigor. Al-Qurtubi states that this prohibition extends to both religious innovation and excessive strictness in applying legitimate rulings.

Practical Application

This teaching applies to judges (qadis), military commanders, administrators, teachers, and all who exercise authority. The methodology is one of compassion before correction, facilitation before prohibition.

As documented in Mishkat al-Masabih, these principles ensure that Islamic governance remains rooted in mercy and wisdom, reflecting the Prophet's description of himself as "sent only to perfect noble character."