"There are four characteristics, whoever has them all is a pure hypocrite, and whoever has one of its characteristics, he has one of the characteristics of hypocrisy, until he gives it up: When he speaks he lies, when he makes a covenant he betrays it, when he makes a promise he breaks it, and when he disputes he resorts to obscene speech."In the narration of Sufyan (one of the narrators) it is: "And if he has one of them, he has one of the characteristics of hypocrisy."
The Book of Faith - Sahih Muslim 58
This hadith from Sahih Muslim outlines four distinct traits that characterize hypocrisy (nifāq) in Islam, distinguishing between complete hypocrisy and possessing hypocritical characteristics.
The Four Traits of Hypocrisy
The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ identified four specific behaviors: lying when speaking, betrayal of covenants, breaking promises, and using foul language in disputes. These represent fundamental breaches of Islamic moral conduct.
Complete vs. Partial Hypocrisy
Whoever possesses all four traits is considered a complete hypocrite (munāfiq khālis). However, possessing even one characteristic constitutes having a trait of hypocrisy, indicating the seriousness of each individual behavior.
Spiritual Implications
This teaching serves as a spiritual diagnostic tool. Muslims are encouraged to examine their conduct and purify themselves from these characteristics, as they contradict the sincerity (ikhlāṣ) required in faith.
The Path to Rectification
The phrase "until he gives it up" indicates these traits are not permanent condemnations. Through sincere repentance (tawbah) and moral reform, one can purify themselves from these hypocritical characteristics.