Three are the signs of a hypocrite: when he spoke he told a lie, when he made a promise he acted treacherously against it, when he was trusted he betrayed.
The Book of Faith - Sahih Muslim 59a
This commentary examines the profound hadith from Sahih Muslim that outlines three distinguishing characteristics of hypocrisy (nifāq) in a believer's conduct.
First Sign: Lying in Speech
When the hypocrite speaks, he deliberately utters falsehood. Scholars explain this indicates a fundamental corruption in one's relationship with truth, where the tongue becomes an instrument of deception rather than conveying reality as ordained by Allah.
Imam Nawawi comments that this lying manifests the internal hypocrisy outwardly, showing discord between one's inner state and outward expression.
Second Sign: Breaking Promises
The hypocrite makes covenants and pledges but violates them without legitimate excuse. Classical scholars emphasize that fulfilling promises is among the greatest signs of faith, as it demonstrates integrity and fear of Allah.
Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali explains that promise-breaking stems from weak faith and lack of concern for religious obligations, showing disregard for the rights of others.
Third Sign: Betraying Trusts
When entrusted with property, secrets, or responsibilities, the hypocrite betrays this trust. Scholars clarify that trustworthiness (amānah) is a cornerstone of Islamic character, while betrayal indicates moral deficiency.
Al-Qurtubi notes that this characteristic particularly damages social relations and undermines the fabric of Muslim community, which relies on mutual trust and reliability.
Scholarly Conclusions
The majority of scholars hold that these signs refer to practical hypocrisy in behavior rather than the absolute hypocrisy of disbelief. A believer who exhibits these traits is engaging in hypocritical conduct that must be repented from.
Imam Ghazali emphasizes that occasional commission of these sins doesn't make one a complete hypocrite, but persistent practice without remorse indicates dangerous spiritual disease requiring immediate reformation.