The Book of Jihad and Expeditions

كتاب الجهاد والسير

Chapter 1: Permissibility of raiding the Kuffar, who have been reached with the call of Islam, without giving prior warning

Ibn 'Aun reported

I wrote to Nafi' inquiring from him whether it was necessary to extend (to the disbelievers) an invitation to accept (Islam) before meeting them in fight. He wrote (in reply) to me that it was necessary in the early days of Islam. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) made a raid upon Banu Mustaliq while they were unaware and their cattle were having a drink at the water. He killed those who fought and imprisoned others. On that very day, he captured Juwairiya bint al-Harith. Nafi' said that this tradition was related to him by Abdullah b. Umar who (himself) was among the raiding troops.

This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Ibn 'Aun and the name of Juwairiya bint al-Harith was mentioned beyond any doubt.

Chapter 2: Ruler appointing leaders of expeditions and advising them of the etiquette of war, etc.

It has been reported from Sulaiman b. Buraida through his father that when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) appointed anyone as leader of an army or detachment he would especially exhort him to fear Allah and to be good to the Muslims who were with him. He would say

Fight in the name of Allah and in the way of Allah. Fight against those who disbelieve in Allah. Make a holy war, do not embezzle the spoils; do not break your pledge; and do not mutilate (the dead) bodies; do not kill the children. When you meet your enemies who are polytheists, invite them to three courses of action. If they respond to any one of these, you also accept it and withhold yourself from doing them any harm. Invite them to (accept) Islam; if they respond to you, accept it from them and desist from fighting against them. Then invite them to migrate from their lands to the land of the Muhajireen and inform them that, if they do so, they shall have all the privileges and obligations of the Muhajireen. If they refuse to migrate, tell them that they will have the status of Bedouin Muslims and will be subjected to the Commands of Allah like other Muslims, but they will not get any share from the spoils of war or Fai' except when they actually fight with the Muslims (against the disbelievers). If they refuse to accept Islam, demand from them the Jizya. If they agree to pay, accept it from them and hold off your hands. If they refuse to pay the tax, seek Allah's help and fight them. When you lay siege to a fort and the besieged appeal to you for protection in the name of Allah and His Prophet, do not accord to them the guarantee of Allah and His Prophet, but accord to them your own guarantee and the guarantee of your companions for it is a lesser sin that the security given by you or your companions be disregarded than that the security granted in the name of Allah and His Prophet be violated. When you besiege a fort and the besieged want you to let them out in accordance with Allah's Command, do not let them come out in accordance with His Command, but do so at your (own) command, for you do not know whether or not you will be able to carry out Allah's behest with regard to them.

Sulaiman b. Buraida repotted on the authority of his father that when Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent an Amir with a detachment he called him and advised him. The rest of the hadith is the same.

This hadith has been transmitted on the authority of Shu'ba.

Chapter 3: The command to show leniency and avoid causing aversion (towards Islam)

It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Masa that when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) deputed any of his Companions on a mission, he would say

Give tidings (to the people) ; do not create (in their minds) aversion (towards religion) ; show them leniency and do not be hard upon them.

It has also been narrated by Sa'd b. Abu Burda through his father through his grandfather that the Prophet of Allah (ﷺ) sent him and Mu'adh (on a mission) to the Yemen, and said (by way of advising them)

Show leniency (to the people) ; don't be hard upon them; give them glad tidings (of Divine favours in this world and the Hereafter) ; and do not create aversion. Work in collaboration and don't be divided.

This hadith has been transmitted on the authority of Buraida but for the last two words.

The Messenger of Allah (may peace he upon him) has been reported by Anas b. Malik to have said

Show leniency; do not be hard; give solace and do not create aversion.

Chapter 4: The prohibition of betrayal

It has been narrated on the authority of Ibn 'Umar that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said

When Allah will gather together, on the Day of Judgment, all the earlier and later generations of mankind, a flag will be raised (to mark off) every person guilty of breach of faith, and it will be announced that this is the perfidy of so and so, son of so and so (to attract the attention of people to his guilt).

This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Ibn Umar through some other Chains of transmitters.

This hadith has been narrated by another chain of transmitters on the authority of the same narrator, with the wording

Allah will set up a flag for every person guilty of breach of faith on the Day of Judgment, and it will be announced: Look, this is the perfidy of so and so.

Ibn Umar reported that he heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) saying

There will be a flag for every perfidious person on the Day of Judgment.

'Abdullah reported Allah's Prophet (ﷺ) as saying

There will be a flag for every perfidious person on the Day of Judgment, and it would be said: Here is the perfidy of so and so.

This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Shu'ba with a slight variation of wording.

It has been narrated on the authority of Abdullah that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said

There will be for every perfidious person on the Day of Judgment a flag by which he will be recognised. It will be announced: Here is the breach of faith of so and so.

Anas reported Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) having said this

There would be a flag for every perfidious person on the Day of Judgment by which he will be recognised.

It is narrated on the authority of Abu Sa'id that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said

On the Day of Judgment there will be a flag fixed behind the buttocks of every person guilty of the breach of faith.

It is narrated on the authority of Abu Sa'id that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said

On the Day of Judgment there will be a flag for every person guilty of the breach of faith. It will be raised in proportion to the extent of his guilt; and there is no guilt of treachery more serious than the one committed by the ruler of men.