The Book of Marriage - Sahih Muslim 1422 c

'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, and her dolls were with her; and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old.

Commentary on the Marriage Age

This narration establishes the permissibility of marriage for females who have reached physical maturity, as indicated by A'isha playing with dolls at age nine, demonstrating she had not yet reached full physical development. The scholars explain that the Shari'ah considers readiness for marriage based on physical maturity and intellectual capacity, not merely chronological age.

The marriage contract was concluded at seven, but cohabitation occurred only after she reached nine years and physical maturity. This distinction between contract and consummation is significant in Islamic jurisprudence, showing consideration for the female's physical readiness.

Historical and Juridical Context

Classical scholars emphasize that this occurred in a specific historical context where early maturity was common due to climate and living conditions. The Prophet's waiting until her physical readiness demonstrates his exemplary consideration and kindness.

Islamic law permits marriage upon reaching puberty, which varies by individual and environment. The dolls mentioned indicate her childhood innocence was preserved, and the Prophet respected her developmental stage.

Scholarly Perspectives

Imam Nawawi comments that this hadith provides evidence for the validity of marriage with young girls who have not reached puberty, though consummation requires physical maturity. The age difference reflects the Islamic understanding of marriage as an institution requiring maturity and capability from the husband.

Scholars note that A'isha's exceptional intelligence and later scholarly contributions demonstrate that early marriage in her case did not hinder her intellectual development, but rather facilitated her becoming one of Islam's greatest scholars.