I have been given superiority over the other prophets in six respects: I have been given words which are concise but comprehensive in meaning; I have been helped by terror (in the hearts of enemies): spoils have been made lawful to me: the earth has been made for me clean and a place of worship; I have been sent to all mankind and the line of prophets is closed with me.
The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer - Sahih Muslim 523a
This narration from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) enumerates six specific distinctions granted to him by Allah that elevate his status above previous prophets. The scholars have extensively commented on each of these blessings, understanding them as divine favors that complete and perfect his mission.
Concise Yet Comprehensive Speech
The first distinction refers to the miraculous nature of the Quran and the Prophet's teachings. Scholars explain that Allah granted him 'Jawami' al-Kalim' - the ability to express profound meanings in few words. This is evident throughout the Quran and Hadith, where complex legal, theological, and spiritual concepts are conveyed with remarkable brevity and precision.
Victory Through Divine Awe
Classical commentators note that Allah cast terror into the hearts of the Prophet's enemies up to a month's journey away. This supernatural protection allowed the Muslim community to establish itself despite being numerically inferior and materially weaker than their opponents. This divine assistance manifested in battles like Badr, where small Muslim forces achieved decisive victories.
Lawfulness of Spoils of War
Previous prophetic nations were not permitted to take war booty, which was considered sacred and reserved for religious purposes. For this Ummah, spoils were made permissible as sustenance and provision. Scholars emphasize this reflects Allah's mercy and practical consideration for the material needs of the Muslim community.
The Earth as Purification and Mosque
This privilege contains two aspects: the permission to use pure earth for Tayammum (ritual purification) when water is unavailable, and the entire earth being designated as a Masjid (place of prayer). Classical scholars highlight how this facilitates worship and demonstrates the universality and accessibility of Islamic practice, removing previous restrictions about sacred spaces.
Universal Prophethood
Unlike previous prophets who were sent to specific nations or tribes, Muhammad (peace be upon him) was sent to all humanity - jinn and mankind alike. Commentators stress this universality reflects the completeness and finality of his message, making Islam suitable for all people, times, and places until the Day of Judgment.
Seal of Prophethood
The closing of prophethood signifies that no genuine prophet will come after Muhammad (peace be upon him). Classical scholars explain this as Allah's perfect completion of divine guidance through the Quran and Sunnah, making additional prophets unnecessary. This distinction protects the final message from alteration and ensures its preservation until the end of time.