The Book of the Rules of Inheritance

Author: Sahih Muslim | Hadith Reference: Sahih Muslim 1619 a

Context and Occasion of Revelation

This noble statement was uttered by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) following the conquest of Khaybar, a pivotal victory that strengthened the Muslim community. It demonstrates his comprehensive role as both spiritual leader and head of state, establishing principles of social welfare and inheritance that would govern the Ummah.

Scholarly Commentary on the Text

"I am nearer to the believers than themselves" signifies the Prophet's spiritual guardianship and his responsibility for the believers' ultimate welfare, surpassing even their own care for themselves in matters of religion and ultimate success.

"If anyone dies leaving a debt, its payment is my responsibility" establishes the principle of state responsibility for the debts of deceased Muslims who lack sufficient assets. This reflects the Islamic concept of social solidarity and ensures that creditors' rights are honored, maintaining economic justice within society.

"If anyone leaves a property, it goes to his heirs" constitutes a fundamental declaration of Islamic inheritance law. This statement abrogates previous customs where property might be appropriated by the ruler or others, instead mandating that wealth rightfully passes to legal heirs according to the detailed shares prescribed in the Quran.

Legal and Theological Implications

This hadith establishes three critical principles: the special status of the Prophet as guardian of the community, the concept of collective responsibility for individual debts, and the inviolability of inheritance rights. Scholars note that while the Prophet's specific role is unique, the principles of debt settlement and inheritance distribution remain binding upon the Muslim community.