The Book of the Rules of Inheritance - Sahih Muslim 1619 e

This noble hadith from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) establishes two fundamental principles of Islamic inheritance law and social responsibility. The statement "He who leaves property, that is for the inheritors" confirms the divine distribution of inheritance shares as ordained in the Quran, while "he who leaves behind destitute children, then it is my responsibility" demonstrates the Prophet's role as guardian of the vulnerable.

Commentary on Property Distribution

The first portion emphasizes that deceased Muslims cannot arbitrarily distribute their wealth through wills beyond one-third of their estate. The remaining two-thirds must be distributed according to the fixed shares prescribed in Surah An-Nisa. This prevents favoritism and ensures divine justice in wealth transfer.

Islamic scholars explain that this ruling protects the rights of legal heirs and maintains family harmony. The distribution follows mathematical precision, with shares allocated to parents, spouses, children, and other relatives according to their specific relationships to the deceased.

Commentary on Orphan Welfare

The second portion establishes the Islamic state's responsibility toward orphaned children without means of support. Classical commentators note that this responsibility extends beyond the Prophet's personal role to encompass the entire Muslim community and its governing authorities.

Scholars like Imam Nawawi explain that this hadith forms the basis for establishing public treasuries (bayt al-mal) to care for orphans, the poor, and other vulnerable members of society. The state must ensure these children receive proper upbringing, education, and financial support until they reach independence.

Legal and Social Implications

This hadith demonstrates the comprehensive nature of Islamic law, balancing individual property rights with collective social welfare. While inheritance follows strict legal formulas, the community bears responsibility for those left without adequate provision.

Traditional scholars emphasize that these two principles work together: the inheritance system provides for most family members, while the social safety net catches those who might otherwise fall through the cracks, ensuring no child is left destitute in an Islamic society.