The Book of Transactions - Sahih Muslim 1538a

"Do not sell the fruits until their good condition becomes evident."

Commentary on the Prohibition

This noble hadith establishes a fundamental principle in Islamic commercial law prohibiting the sale of fruits before their condition becomes apparent and their suitability for consumption is confirmed. This ruling falls under the category of gharar (uncertainty) which the Lawgiver has forbidden to protect the rights of both buyer and seller.

The wisdom behind this prohibition is to prevent disputes that arise from uncertainty regarding the outcome and quality of the produce. If fruits are sold while still unripe or before their final condition is known, this constitutes an invalid sale due to the element of gambling and unknown consequences.

Scholarly Interpretation

The classical scholars have determined that "good condition becomes evident" means when the fruits reach a state where their ripening is assured and their freedom from defects is apparent. For dates, this is when they begin to turn red or yellow; for grapes, when they become sweet and edible; for other fruits according to their specific signs of ripening.

This ruling applies by analogy to all agricultural products and commodities whose final outcome is uncertain at the time of contract. The principle extends to modern commercial transactions where the subject matter remains uncertain or contingent upon future events.

Legal Implications

A sale conducted contrary to this prohibition is invalid (batil) according to the majority of scholars. The buyer has the right to rescind the contract if they discover the violation.

This hadith demonstrates the comprehensive nature of Islamic commercial ethics which seeks to eliminate ambiguity and ensure transparency in all financial dealings, thereby preserving property rights and preventing conflicts within the Muslim community.