Jabir b. Abdullah (Allah be pleased with them) reported that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had forbidden Muhaqala. and Muzabana, Mukhibara and the sale of fruits until their good condition becomes clear, and (he commanded) that (commodities) should not be sold but for the dinar and dirham except in case of araya.
The Prohibition of Muhaqala
Muhaqala refers to selling standing crops for measured grains, which the Prophet prohibited due to uncertainty (gharar) in the transaction. This prevents disputes over crop quality and quantity at harvest time.
The Prohibition of Muzabana
Muzabana involves exchanging fresh dates on the tree for dried dates by measure, or grapes for raisins. This is forbidden due to uncertainty in equivalence and potential for riba (usury) through unequal exchange.
The Prohibition of Mukhabara
Mukhabara refers to sharecropping where the landlord receives a fixed portion of the harvest rather than a percentage. This is prohibited as it resembles renting land for produce rather than partnership.
Sale of Fruits Before Ripening
The Prophet forbade selling fruits until their condition becomes clear and they are safe from blight. This ensures both parties know what is being transacted, eliminating gharar (uncertainty).
Currency Requirements
Transactions should be conducted with dinar (gold) and dirham (silver) to avoid riba al-fadl (excess in exchange). The exception of araya permits bartering fresh dates for dried dates in small quantities for immediate consumption.