"If any one of you swears an oath, then he sees something better than it, let him offer expiation for his oath, and look at what is better and do it."
The Book of Oaths and Vows - Sunan an-Nasa'i 3782
"If any one of you swears an oath, then he sees something better than it, let him offer expiation for his oath, and look at what is better and do it."
Commentary on the Hadith
This noble hadith establishes a profound principle in Islamic jurisprudence regarding oaths. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) guides us that when a Muslim swears to do or abstain from something, but subsequently realizes there is a better alternative that brings greater benefit or avoids greater harm, he should not persist in his oath out of stubbornness.
The expiation (kaffārah) referred to is the same as that for broken oaths: feeding ten poor persons, clothing them, or freeing a slave. If unable to do these, one fasts for three days. This merciful ruling demonstrates Islam's flexibility and concern for human welfare, prioritizing benefit over rigid adherence to vows when circumstances change.
The phrase "look at what is better" emphasizes the Islamic principle of pursuing what is most beneficial and righteous. This aligns with the Quranic teaching that Allah does not intend to place hardship upon believers. The wisdom here is that oaths should not become instruments of harm or obstacles to good.
Juridical Rulings
This ruling applies to all oaths except those involving divorce or emancipation, which have specific regulations. Scholars agree that if breaking an oath leads to greater good or prevents greater harm, expiation is not only permitted but recommended.
The "better" alternative mentioned could be: greater religious obedience, stronger family ties, more beneficial business dealings, or avoiding harm to oneself or others. The determination of what is "better" should be based on Islamic principles and consultation with knowledgeable people.