The Book of Oaths and Vows - Sunan an-Nasa'i 3783

"The Messenger of Allah said: 'If you swear an oath, offer expiation for your oath, then do that which is better.'"

Commentary on the Hadith

This noble hadith from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) establishes a comprehensive principle regarding oaths. The command to "offer expiation for your oath" refers to the kaffarah (atonement) prescribed in Islamic law for breaking an oath, which involves feeding ten poor persons, clothing them, or freeing a slave.

The profound wisdom in the phrase "then do that which is better" indicates that merely performing the expiation is not the ultimate objective. The higher purpose is to transcend the oath itself when doing so leads to greater benefit or prevents harm. This demonstrates the flexibility and mercy in Islamic legislation.

Scholars explain that if one swears to abstain from something good or to commit something harmful, it is better to break the oath, perform the expiation, and pursue the superior course of action. This aligns with the Quranic principle: "Allah does not impose blame upon you for what is unintentional in your oaths, but He imposes blame upon you for what your hearts have earned." (Quran 2:225)

Legal Rulings Derived

The majority of scholars hold that this hadith applies to oaths regarding future actions (yamin mun'aqidah), not past events. The expiation becomes obligatory when one intentionally breaks such an oath.

If keeping an oath would cause harm to oneself or others, or prevent a greater good, breaking it with expiation is recommended. This reflects Islam's prioritization of maslahah (public benefit) over rigid adherence to formalities.

The "better" action referred to may include reconciliation between people, fulfilling family obligations, performing acts of worship, or any deed that brings one closer to Allah and benefits creation.