"The Messenger of Allah said: 'If you swear an oath, then you see something that is better, then do that which is better and offer expiation for your oath.'"
The Book of Oaths and Vows - Sunan an-Nasa'i 3790
"The Messenger of Allah said: 'If you swear an oath, then you see something that is better, then do that which is better and offer expiation for your oath.'"
Textual Analysis
This noble hadith establishes a fundamental principle in Islamic jurisprudence regarding oaths. The Prophet (peace be upon him) teaches that if one takes an oath to do or refrain from something, but later realizes there is a better alternative, they should pursue the better course while making expiation for breaking their oath.
Legal Ruling (Hukm)
Scholars agree this hadith indicates the permissibility of breaking an oath when a superior good is identified. The obligation then shifts to performing kaffarah (expiation) as prescribed in Quran 5:89: feeding ten needy persons, clothing them, or freeing a slave. If unable, fasting three days.
Wisdom and Benefits
This ruling demonstrates Islam's flexibility and concern for human welfare. It prevents rigid adherence to oaths that may cause harm or prevent greater good. The requirement of expiation maintains respect for oaths while allowing for wiser choices.
Practical Application
If you swear not to speak to a relative but reconciliation becomes possible, break the oath and reconcile. If you swear to boycott certain halal food but medical need arises, break the oath and eat. In all cases, perform the prescribed expiation to fulfill your religious duty.