The Book of the Times (of Prayer)
كتاب المواقيت
Chapter 36: Concession Allowing Prayer After 'Asr
"The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)forbade praying after 'Asr unless the sun was still white, clear and high."
"My father told me: 'Aishah said: 'The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) never neglected to pray two Rak'ahs after 'Asr in my house.'"
'Aishah said: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) never entered upon me after 'Asr but he prayed them (the two Rak'ahs)."
"I heard Masruq and Al-Aswad say: We bear witness that 'Aishah said: 'When the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was with me after 'Asr, he would pray them (these two Rak'ahs).'"
"There are two prayers that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) never neglected to pray them in my house secretly nor publicly: Two Rak'ahs before Fajr and two Rak'ahs after 'Asr."
"He used to pray them before 'Asr, but if he got distracted or forgot them, he would pray them after 'Asr, and if he did a prayer he would be constant in it."
"They are two Rak'ahs that I used to pray after Zuhr, but I got distracted and forgot them until I prayed 'Asr."
"The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) got distracted and did not pray the two Rak'ahs before 'Asr so he prayed them after 'Asr."
Chapter 37: Concession Regarding Prayer Before The Sun Sets
"I asked Lahiq about the two Rak'ahs before sunset. He said: "Abdullah bin Az-Zubair used to pray them, and Mu'awiyah sent word to him asking: 'What are these two Rak'ahs at sunset?' He had to refer to Umm Salamah, and Umm Salamah said: 'The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) used to pray two Rak'ahs before 'Asr, then he was distracted and did not pray them, so he prayed them when the sun set, and I never saw him pray them before or after that.'"
Chapter 38: Concession Allowing Prayer Before Maghrib
"Abu Tamim Al-Jaishani stood up to pray two Rak'ahs before Maghrib, and I said to 'Uqbah bin 'Amir: 'Look at this man, what prayer is he praying?' He turned and looked at him, and said: 'This is a prayer that we used to pray at the time of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).'"
Chapter 39: Prayer After The Appearance of Dawn
"When the dawn appears, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) would only pray two short Rak'ahs."
Chapter 40: Permission To (Continue) Praying Until One Prays Subh
"I came to the Messenger of Allah, who became Muslim with you?' He said: 'Free men and slaves.' I said: 'Is there any moment which brings one closer to Allah than another?' He said: 'Yes, the last part of the night, so pray as much as you want until you pray Subh, then stop until the sun has risen until and it looks like a shield and (its shinning)spreads. Then pray as much as you want until an object's shadow is at its shortest, then stop until the sun passes its zenith, for Hell is stoked at midday. Then pray 'Asr, then stop until you pray 'Asr, then stop until the sun has set, for it sets between the horns of a Shaitan and rises between the horns of a Shaitan.'" [1][1] Similar has been recorded by Muslim.
Chapter 41: Permission To Pray At All Times In Makkah
"O Banu 'Abd Manaf, do not prevent anyone from circumambulating this House and praying at any time he wants of night or day."
Chapter 42: The Time When A Traveler May Combine Zuhr And 'Asr Prayers
"If the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was setting out on a journey before the sun passed its zenith, he would delay Zuhr until the time of 'Asr, then he would stop and combine the prayer. If the sun passed its zenith before he set out, he would pray Zuhr and then set off.
It was narrated from Abu At-Tufail 'Amir bin Wathilah that Mu'adh bin Jabal told him that they went out with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in the year of Tabuk, and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was joining Zuhr and 'Asr, and Maghrib and 'Isha'. He delayed the prayer one day then he went out and prayed Zuhr and 'Asr together, then he went in and came out again and prayed Maghrib and 'Isha'.
Chapter 43: Explanation Of That
"I asked Salim bin 'Abdullah about how his father prayed when traveling. We asked him: 'Did he combine any of his prayers when traveling?' He said that Safiyyah bint Abi 'Ubaid was married to him, and she wrote to him, when he was at some farmland of his, saying: 'This is the last of my days in this world, and the first day of the Hereafter." [1] He rode quickly to go to her, and when the time for Zuhr came, the Mu'adhdhin said to him: "The prayer, O Abu 'Abdur-Rahman!" But he paid no attention to him until it was between the time for the two prayers, then he stopped and said: "Say the Iqamah and when I say the Taslim, say the Iqamah." Then he rode on again, and when the sun set the Mu'adhdhin said to him; "The prayer!" He said: "Do as you did for Zuhr and 'Asr." When the stars had appeared, he stopped and said to the Mu'adhdhin: "Say the Iqamah and when I say the Taslim, say the Iqamah." He prayed, then when he had finished he turned to us and said: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: 'If any one of you has an urgent need that he fears he may miss, let him pray like this.'"[1] Meaning that she was dying.
Chapter 44: Times During Which A Resident May Combine Prayers
"I prayed with the Prophet (ﷺ) in Al-Madinah, eight together and seven together. He delayed Zuhr and brought 'Asr forward, and he delayed Maghrib and brought 'Isha' forward."
It was narrated from Ibn 'Abbas that he prayed Al-Uula (Zuhr) and 'Asr together in Al-Basrah with nothing in between them, and he prayed Maghrib and 'Isha' together with nothing in between them. He did that because he was busy and Ibn 'Abbas said that he had prayed Zuhr and 'Isha' together with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in Al-Madinah, eight Rak'ahs with nothing in between.
Chapter 45: The Time When A Traveler May Combine Maghrib and 'Isha'
"I accompanied Ibn 'Umar to Al-Hima. [1] When the sun set I felt too nervous to remind him of the prayer, so he went on until the light on the horizon had disappeared and it was getting dark, then he stopped and prayed Maghrib, three Rak'ahs, then he prayed two Rak'ahs immediately afterwards, then he said: 'This what I saw the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) do.'"[1] A place near Madinah.
"Salim told me that his father said: 'I saw the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), when he was in a hurry to travel, delaying Maghrib so that he could combine it with 'Isha'.'"