Sunan an-Nasa'i

The Book of Agriculture

كتاب المزارعة

Chapter 46: A Proxy Partnership Between Four Persons According To Those Who Permit It

بَابُ شَرِكَةِ مُفَاوَضَةٍ بَيْنَ أَرْبَعَةٍ عَلَى مَذْهَبِ مَنْ يُجِيزُهَا

قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَوْفُوا بِالْعُقُودِ} هَذَا مَا اشْتَرَكَ عَلَيْهِ فُلاَنٌ وَفُلاَنٌ وَفُلاَنٌ وَفُلاَنٌ بَيْنَهُمْ شَرِكَةَ مُفَاوَضَةٍ فِي رَأْسِ مَالٍ جَمَعُوهُ بَيْنَهُمْ مِنْ صِنْفٍ وَاحِدٍ وَنَقْدٍ وَاحِدٍ وَخَلَطُوهُ وَصَارَ فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ مُمْتَزِجًا لاَ يُعْرَفُ بَعْضُهُ مِنْ بَعْضٍ وَمَالُ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ وَحَقُّهُ سَوَاءٌ عَلَى أَنْ يَعْمَلُوا فِي ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ وَفِي كُلِّ قَلِيلٍ وَكَثِيرٍ سَوَاءً مِنَ الْمُبَايَعَاتِ وَالْمُتَاجَرَاتِ نَقْدًا وَنَسِيئَةً بَيْعًا وَشِرَاءً فِي جَمِيعِ الْمُعَامَلاَتِ وَفِي كُلِّ مَا يَتَعَاطَاهُ النَّاسُ بَيْنَهُمْ مُجْتَمِعِينَ بِمَا رَأَوْا وَيَعْمَلَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ عَلَى انْفِرَادِهِ بِكُلِّ مَا رَأَى وَكُلِّ مَا بَدَا لَهُ جَائِزٌ أَمْرُهُ فِي ذَلِكَ عَلَى كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ وَعَلَى أَنَّهُ كُلُّ مَا لَزِمَ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ عَلَى هَذِهِ الشَّرِكَةِ الْمَوْصُوفَةِ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ مِنْ حَقٍّ وَمِنْ دَيْنٍ فَهُوَ لاَزِمٌ لِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ الْمُسَمِّينَ مَعَهُ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ وَعَلَى أَنَّ جَمِيعَ مَا رَزَقَهُمُ اللَّهُ فِي هَذِهِ الشَّرِكَةِ الْمُسَمَّاةِ فِيهِ وَمَا رَزَقَ اللَّهُ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ فِيهَا عَلَى حِدَتِهِ مِنْ فَضْلٍ وَرِبْحٍ فَهُوَ بَيْنَهُمْ جَمِيعًا بِالسَّوِيَّةِ وَمَا كَانَ فِيهَا مِنْ نَقِيصَةٍ فَهُوَ عَلَيْهِمْ جَمِيعًا بِالسَّوِيَّةِ بَيْنَهُمْ وَقَدْ جَعَلَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ فُلاَنٍ وَفُلاَنٍ وَفُلاَنٍ وَفُلاَنٍ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ الْمُسَمِّينَ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ مَعَهُ وَكِيلَهُ فِي الْمُطَالَبَةِ بِكُلِّ حَقٍّ هُوَ لَهُ وَالْمُخَاصَمَةِ فِيهِ وَقَبْضِهِ وَفِي خُصُومَةِ كُلِّ مَنِ اعْتَرَضَهُ بِخُصُومَةٍ وَكُلِّ مَنْ يُطَالِبُهُ بِحَقٍّ وَجَعَلَهُ وَصِيَّهُ فِي شَرِكَتِهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ وَفَاتِهِ وَفِي قَضَاءِ دُيُونِهِ وَإِنْفَاذِ وَصَايَاهُ وَقَبِلَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ مِنْ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ مَا جَعَلَ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ أَقَرَّ فُلاَنٌ وَفُلاَنٌ وَفُلاَنٌ وَفُلاَنٌ.

Allah says: 0 you who believe! Fulfill (your) obligations [Al-Ma'idah:1]. This is a partnership formed between so and so, so and so, so and so and so and so, based on capital which they have collected of one type, and currency, and have combined it, so that it is now mixed, and none of them can tell which is his money. The share and rights of each partner are equal, and they will use this money for trade, whether buying or selling, for cash, or on credit, in all transactions, making decisions collectively or

individually, each working independently of the others based on his own opinion, and what he sees fit. Whatever commitment or loan any one of the persons mentioned in this contract makes, then it is binding on each of his companions mentioned in this contract. All bounty and profits that Allah bestows over the capital amount, which is stated in this contract, is to be divided equally between all four. Any loss is to be borne equally by each of them. Each of the four persons mentioned in this contract appoints the others as his deputy (Wakil) who may demand every right, and debt, and deal with every dispute, concerning this contract, to dispute on behalf of the others with anyone who is disputing with them, or seek their dues. And each of them makes the others his executor (to act on his behalf after he dies), pay off his debts, and carry out the instructions in his will.

Signed by so and so, so and so, so and so and so and so.

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3928
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Translation
Ibn 'Awn said

"Muhammad used to say: 'In my view land is like the wealth put into a Mudarabah (limited partnership) contract. Whatever is valid with regard to the wealth put into a Mudarabah partnership, is valid with regard to land, and whatever is not valid with regard to the wealth put into a Mudarabah partnership, then it is not valid with regard to land.'" He said: "He did not see anything wrong with giving all of his land to the plowman on the basis that he would work with it himself, or with his children, and helpers, and oxen, and, that he would not spend anything on it; all expenses were to be paid by the owner of the land."

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3929
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Translation

It was narrated from Ibn 'Umar that the Prophet gave the datepalms of Khaibar and their land to the Jews of Khaibar, on condition that they would take care of them at their expense, and the Messenger of Allah would have half of whatever they produced.

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3930
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Translation

It was narrated from Ibn 'Umar that the Prophet gave the datepalms of Khaibar and their land to the Jews of Khaibar on condition that they would take care of them at their expense, and the Messenger of Allah would have half of their fruits.

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3931
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Translation
It was narrated from Nafi' that 'Abdullah bin 'Umar used to say

"Arable land used to be leased out at the time of the Messenger of Allah on condition that the owner of the land would have whatever grew on the banks of the streams and a share of straw, I do not know how much it was."

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3932
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Translation
It was narrated that 'Abdur-Rahman bin Al-Aswad said

"Two of my paternal uncles used to cultivate (land) in return for one-third or one-quarter of the crop, and my father was their partner. 'Alqamah and Al-Aswad knew about that and did not change anything."

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3933
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Translation
Sa'eed bin Jubair said

"Ibn 'Abbas said: 'The best thing you can do is for one of you to rent his land out in return for gold and silver.'"

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3934
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Translation

It was narrated from Ibrahim and Sa'eed bin Jubair that they did not see anything wrong with renting uncultivated land.

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3935
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Translation
It was narrated that Muhammad said

"I do not know that Shuraih ever ruled on Mudarabah disputes except in two ways. He would say to the Mudarib (the one who contributed his labor to the partnership): 'You must provide proof that a calamity befell you so that you may be excused.' Or he would say to the one who invested his money in the partnership: 'You must provide proof that your trustee betrayed his trust, otherwise his oath sworn by Allah that he did not betray you is sufficient.'"

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3936
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Translation
It was narrated that Sa'eed bin Al-Musayyab said

"There is nothing wrong with renting uncultivated land for gold and silver."

Chapter 47: Separation Of The Married Couple

بَابُ تَفَرُّقِ الزَّوْجَيْنِ عَنْ مُزَاوَجَتِهِمَا

قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: {وَلاَ يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلاَّ أَنْ يَخَافَا أَلاَّ يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلاَّ يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَلاَ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا فِيمَا افْتَدَتْ بِهِ} هَذَا كِتَابٌ كَتَبَتْهُ فُلاَنَةُ بِنْتُ فُلاَنِ بْنِ فُلاَنٍ فِي صِحَّةٍ مِنْهَا وَجَوَازِ أَمْرٍ لِفُلاَنِ بْنِ فُلاَنِ بْنِ فُلاَنٍ إِنِّي كُنْتُ زَوْجَةً لَكَ وَكُنْتَ دَخَلْتَ بِي فَأَفْضَيْتَ إِلَيَّ ثُمَّ إِنِّي كَرِهْتُ صُحْبَتَكَ وَأَحْبَبْتُ مُفَارَقَتَكَ عَنْ غَيْرِ إِضْرَارٍ مِنْكَ بِي وَلاَ مَنْعِي لِحَقٍّ وَاجِبٍ لِي عَلَيْكَ وَإِنِّي سَأَلْتُكَ عِنْدَمَا خِفْنَا أَنْ لاَ نُقِيمَ حُدُودَ اللَّهِ أَنْ تَخْلَعَنِي فَتُبِينَنِي مِنْكَ بِتَطْلِيقَةٍ بِجَمِيعِ مَالِي عَلَيْكَ مِنْ صَدَاقٍ وَهُوَ كَذَا وَكَذَا دِينَارًا جِيَادًا مَثَاقِيلَ وَبِكَذَا وَكَذَا دِينَارًا جِيَادًا مَثَاقِيلَ أَعْطَيْتُكَهَا عَلَى ذَلِكَ سِوَى مَا فِي صَدَاقِي فَفَعَلْتَ الَّذِي سَأَلْتُكَ مِنْهُ فَطَلَّقْتَنِي تَطْلِيقَةً بَائِنَةً بِجَمِيعِ مَا كَانَ بَقِيَ لِي عَلَيْكَ مِنْ صَدَاقِي الْمُسَمَّى مَبْلَغُهُ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ وَبِالدَّنَانِيرِ الْمُسَمَّاةِ فِيهِ سِوَى ذَلِكَ فَقَبِلْتُ ذَلِكَ مِنْكَ مُشَافَهَةً لَكَ عِنْدَ مُخَاطَبَتِكَ إِيَّايَ بِهِ وَمُجَاوَبَةً عَلَى قَوْلِكَ مِنْ قَبْلِ تَصَادُرِنَا عَنْ مَنْطِقِنَا ذَلِكَ وَدَفَعْتُ إِلَيْكَ جَمِيعَ هَذِهِ الدَّنَانِيرِ الْمُسَمَّى مَبْلَغُهَا فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ الَّذِي خَالَعْتَنِي عَلَيْهَا وَافِيَةً سِوَى مَا فِي صَدَاقِي فَصِرْتُ بَائِنَةً مِنْكَ مَالِكَةً لأَمْرِي بِهَذَا الْخُلْعِ الْمَوْصُوفِ أَمْرُهُ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ فَلاَ سَبِيلَ لَكَ عَلَيَّ وَلاَ مُطَالَبَةَ وَلاَ رَجْعَةَ وَقَدْ قَبَضْتُ مِنْكَ جَمِيعَ مَا يَجِبُ لِمِثْلِي مَا دُمْتُ فِي عِدَّةٍ مِنْكَ وَجَمِيعَ مَا أَحْتَاجُ إِلَيْهِ بِتَمَامِ مَا يَجِبُ لِلْمُطَلَّقَةِ الَّتِي تَكُونُ فِي مِثْلِ حَالِي عَلَى زَوْجِهَا الَّذِي يَكُونُ فِي مِثْلِ حَالِكَ فَلَمْ يَبْقَ لِوَاحِدٍ مِنَّا قِبَلَ صَاحِبِهِ حَقٌّ وَلاَ دَعْوَى وَلاَ طَلِبَةٌ فَكُلُّ مَا ادَّعَى وَاحِدٌ مِنَّا قِبَلَ صَاحِبِهِ مِنْ حَقٍّ وَمِنْ دَعْوَى وَمِنْ طَلِبَةٍ بِوَجْهٍ مِنَ الْوُجُوهِ فَهُوَ فِي جَمِيعِ دَعْوَاهُ مُبْطِلٌ وَصَاحِبُهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَجْمَعَ بَرِيءٌ وَقَدْ قَبِلَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنَّا كُلَّ مَا أَقَرَّ لَهُ بِهِ صَاحِبُهُ وَكُلَّ مَا أَبْرَأَهُ مِنْهُ مِمَّا وُصِفَ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ مُشَافَهَةً عِنْدَ مُخَاطَبَتِهِ إِيَّاهُ قَبْلَ تَصَادُرِنَا عَنْ مَنْطِقِنَا وَافْتِرَاقِنَا عَنْ مَجْلِسِنَا الَّذِي جَرَى بَيْنَنَا فِيهِ أَقَرَّتْ فُلاَنَةُ وَفُلاَنٌ.

Allah, Blessed and Most High, says: And it is not lawful for you (men) to take back (from your wives) any of your (bridal-money) which you have given them, except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah. Then if you fear that they would not be able to keep the limits ordained by Allah, then there is no sin on either of them for what they give back [Al-Baqarah:229]

This writ was written by so and so, the daughter of so and so, who is in good health and in full control of her wealth, to so and so the son of so and so the son of so and so. I was a wife to you, and you came in

to me, and consummated the marriage with me. Then I did not like your company, and I wanted to leave you, without your having done any harm to me, nor having withheld any of my rights. I asked you, when we feared that we would not be able to keep the limits ordained by Allah, to free me (Khul') and to divorce me irrevocably in return for all my Sadaq (Mahr) that is due from you to me, which is such-and-such a number of Dirhams, non-counterfeit, and such-and-such a number of Dinars, non-counterfeit, that I gave you in addition to that, apart from my Sadaq. You did what I asked of you, and you gave me an irrevocable divorce in return for what was left of my Sadaq, as stated in this writ, and in return for the additional Dinars stated. I accepted that from you verbally when we were talking about it, and in response to what you said before we finished our discussion, and departed. I gave you all the Dinars mentioned in this contract in return for which you granted me Khul, except for my Sadaq. Thus I became irrevocably divorced from you, and now I am in control of my own affairs, based on this Khul' which is described in this contract.

Thus you have no control over me, you cannot make demands of me, and you cannot take me back. I have taken from you all that is due to a woman like me at the time of 'Iddah, and I took all that I need in full, which a woman like me would take from a husband like you. Neither of us has any further rights, nor claims over the other. If any one of use makes any claim on the other, this claim is totally and utterly false, and the one against whom the claim is made is innocent, and has nothing to do with this claim. Each one of us accepts everything that the other party offers, and all that the other party relieves him of, as described in the contract, verbally when we were talking about it, and before we spoke of anything, or parted from our meeting that took place.

Signed by so and so (the wife) and so and so (the husband).

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3937
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Translation
It was narrated that 'Abdullah said

"I formed a partnership with 'Ammar and Sa'd on the day of Badr. Sa'd brought two prisoners but 'Ammar and I did not bring anything."

Sunan an-Nasa'i 3938
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Translation
It was narrated from Az-Zuhri concerning two slaves who were partners, and one of them quit, that he said

"One of them may cover for the other if they were partners."

Chapter 48: Contract Of Manumission

بَابُ الْكِتَابَةِ

قَالَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {وَالَّذِينَ يَبْتَغُونَ الْكِتَابَ مِمَّا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ فَكَاتِبُوهُمْ إِنْ عَلِمْتُمْ فِيهِمْ خَيْرًا} هَذَا كِتَابٌ كَتَبَهُ فُلاَنُ بْنُ فُلاَنٍ فِي صِحَّةٍ مِنْهُ وَجَوَازِ أَمْرٍ لِفَتَاهُ النُّوبِيِّ الَّذِي يُسَمَّى فُلاَنًا وَهُوَ يَوْمَئِذٍ فِي مِلْكِهِ وَيَدِهِ إِنِّي كَاتَبْتُكَ عَلَى ثَلاَثَةِ آلاَفِ دِرْهَمٍ وُضْحٍ جِيَادٍ وَزْنِ سَبْعَةٍ مُنَجَّمَةٍ عَلَيْكَ سِتُّ سِنِينَ مُتَوَالِيَاتٍ أَوَّلُهَا مُسْتَهَلَّ شَهْرِ كَذَا مِنْ سَنَةِ كَذَا عَلَى أَنْ تَدْفَعَ إِلَيَّ هَذَا الْمَالَ الْمُسَمَّى مَبْلَغُهُ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ فِي نُجُومِهَا فَأَنْتَ حُرٌّ بِهَا لَكَ مَا لِلأَحْرَارِ وَعَلَيْكَ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ فَإِنْ أَخْلَلْتَ شَيْئًا مِنْهُ عَنْ مَحِلِّهِ بَطَلَتِ الْكِتَابَةُ وَكُنْتَ رَقِيقًا لاَ كِتَابَةَ لَكَ وَقَدْ قَبِلْتُ مُكَاتَبَتَكَ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى الشُّرُوطِ الْمَوْصُوفَةِ فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ قَبْلَ تَصَادُرِنَا عَنْ مَنْطِقِنَا وَافْتِرَاقِنَا عَنْ مَجْلِسِنَا الَّذِي جَرَى بَيْنَنَا ذَلِكَ فِيهِ أَقَرَّ فُلاَنٌ وَفُلاَنٌ.

Allah, the Mighty and Sublime says: "And such of your slaves as seek a writing (of emancipation), give them such writing, if you find that there is good and honesty in them." [An-Nur:33]

This is a contract written by so and so the son of so and so, who is in good health and in full control of his wealth, to his Nubian slave who is called so and so, who at this time is in his possession and owned by him. I have agreed to manumit you in return for three thousand Dirhams, non-counterfeit and weighing seven, to be paid in installments by you over six consecutive years, starting at the beginning of such and such month in such and such year. You will pay me the amount of money stated in this contract in installments, then you will be free in return for that, with the same rights and duties as all free men. If you default on any of these installments, this contract will be null and void, and you will remain a slave with no contract of manumission. I have accepted your contract of manumission based on the conditions stipulated in this contract before we finished talking, and departed from our meeting, which took place between us.

Signed by So-and-so and So-and-So.

Chapter 49: Tadbir (Leaving Instructions That One's Slave Be Freed After One's Death)

بَابُ تَدْبِيرٍ

هَذَا كِتَابٌ كَتَبَهُ فُلاَنُ بْنُ فُلاَنٍ لِفَتَاهُ الصَّقَلِّيِّ الْخَبَّازِ الطَّبَّاخِ الَّذِي يُسَمَّى فُلاَنًا وَهُوَ يَوْمَئِذٍ فِي مِلْكِهِ وَيَدِهِ إِنِّي دَبَّرْتُكَ لِوَجْهِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَرَجَاءِ ثَوَابِهِ فَأَنْتَ حُرٌّ بَعْدَ مَوْتِي لاَ سَبِيلَ لأَحَدٍ عَلَيْكَ بَعْدَ وَفَاتِي إِلاَّ سَبِيلَ الْوَلاَءِ فَإِنَّهُ لِي وَلِعَقِبِي مِنْ بَعْدِي أَقَرَّ فُلاَنُ بْنُ فُلاَنٍ بِجَمِيعِ مَا فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ طَوْعًا فِي صِحَّةٍ مِنْهُ وَجَوَازِ أَمْرٍ مِنْهُ بَعْدَ أَنْ قُرِئَ ذَلِكَ كُلُّهُ عَلَيْهِ بِمَحْضَرٍ مِنَ الشُّهُودِ الْمُسَمِّينَ فِيهِ فَأَقَرَّ عِنْدَهُمْ أَنَّهُ قَدْ سَمِعَهُ وَفَهِمَهُ وَعَرَفَهُ وَأَشْهَدَ اللَّهَ عَلَيْهِ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيدًا ثُمَّ مَنْ حَضَرَهُ مِنَ الشُّهُودِ عَلَيْهِ أَقَرَّ فُلاَنٌ الصَّقَلِّيُّ الطَّبَّاخُ فِي صِحَّةٍ مِنْ عَقْلِهِ وَبَدَنِهِ أَنَّ جَمِيعَ مَا فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ حَقٌّ عَلَى مَا سُمِّيَ وَوُصِفَ فِيهِ.

This is a contract written by so and so the son of so and so the son of so and so, to his Sicilian slave, the baker and cook, who is called so and so, and who at this time is in his possession and owned by him. I have arranged for your manumission following my death, seeking thereby the Face of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, and hoping for His reward. You will be free after I die, and no one will have any control over you after I die, except by way of Al-Wala' (loyalty of a freed slave to his former masters), which will be to me and my descendents after me.

So-and-so the son of So-and-so affirms all that is mentioned in this contract, without compulsion, while in good health, and in full control of his wealth, after all of that was read to him in the presence of the witnesses named therein. He affirmed in their presence that he had heard it, and understood it, and called upon Allah to bear witness to it, and Allah is sufficient as a witness, then the witnesses who were present. So-and-so the Sicilian cook, who is sound in mind and body, affirmed that everything that is stated in this contract is true and correct according to the way it is written.

Chapter 50: Manumission

بَابُ عِتْقٍ

هَذَا كِتَابٌ كَتَبَهُ فُلاَنُ بْنُ فُلاَنٍ طَوْعًا فِي صِحَّةٍ مِنْهُ وَجَوَازِ أَمْرٍ وَذَلِكَ فِي شَهْرِ كَذَا مِنْ سَنَةِ كَذَا لِفَتَاهُ الرُّومِيِّ الَّذِي يُسَمَّى فُلاَنًا وَهُوَ يَوْمَئِذٍ فِي مِلْكِهِ وَيَدِهِ إِنِّي أَعْتَقْتُكَ تَقَرُّبًا إِلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَابْتِغَاءً لِجَزِيلِ ثَوَابِهِ عِتْقًا بَتًّا لاَ مَثْنَوِيَّةَ فِيهِ وَلاَ رَجْعَةَ لِي عَلَيْكَ فَأَنْتَ حُرٌّ لِوَجْهِ اللَّهِ وَالدَّارِ الآخِرَةِ لاَ سَبِيلَ لِي وَلاَ لأَحَدٍ عَلَيْكَ إِلاَّ الْوَلاَءَ فَإِنَّهُ لِي وَلِعَصَبَتِي مِنْ بَعْدِي.

This is a contract written by so and so the son of so and so, without compulsion, while he is in good health and in full control of his wealth, in such-and-such month of such and such year, to his Byzantine slave who is called so and so, who at this time is in his possession and owned by him. I have set you free as an act of worship, seeking thereby the great reward of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, granting you complete and definite freedom with no conditions and no right to take you back. You are free for the Face of Allah, and the Hereafter, and neither I nor anyone else has any control over you, except by way of Al-Wala' (loyalty of a freed slave to his former masters), which is to me and my descandents after me.