Business Transactions
كتاب البيوع
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade al-Muzabanah, which means that a man sells the fruit of his garden, if it consists of palm-trees (fresh dates), for dried dates by measure; or if it consists of grapes (on the vines), for raisins by measure; or if it is unpicked crops, he sells it for a measured amount of picked crops. He forbade all that.[Agreed upon].Narrated Sa'd bin Abu Waqqas (RA): I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) being asked about buying fresh dates for dry ones. He replied, "Will fresh dates diminish when they become dry?" They answered, "Yes." So he forbade that.[Reported by al-Khamsah and graded Sahih (authentic) by Ibn al-Madini, at-Tirmidhi, Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim].
The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade selling a debt to be paid at a future date for another i.e., a debt for a debt.[Reported by Ishaq and al-Bazzar with a Da;if (weak) chain].
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) gave permission regarding al-'Araya for its sale on the basis of a calculation (of what the dates would be when dry) by measure.[Agreed upon].
"He gave permission regarding al-'Araya (for its sale) in which the household buys its fruit on the basis of a calculation (of what the dates would be when dry), yet they could eat them fresh (from the tree).
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) gave permission regarding the sale of al-'Araya, on the basis of calculation of their amount, for dry dates, on the condition that they be less than five Awsuq, or amounting to five Awsuq.[Agreed upon].
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the sale of fruits till they appear to ripe, forbidding it both to the seller and to the buyer.[Agreed upon].
"When he was asked about (the words): 'appear to be ripe'?" He (ﷺ) replied, "Till they were safe from damage or disease."
The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of fruits till they become colorful. He was asked what that meant, he replied, "Till they become reddish and yellowish."[Agreed upon and the wording is al-Bukhari's].
The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of grapes till they become black (i.e. ripe) and the sale of grain till it becomes hard (i.e. ripe).[Reported by al-Khamsah except an-Nasa'i and graded Sahih (authentic) by Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim].
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If you sell some fruit to your brother and it was struck by blight, it would not be lawful for you to take anything from him. How can you take your brother's money unjustly?"[Reported by Muslim].
"The Prophet (ﷺ) commanded that unforeseen loss be remitted in respect of what is affected by blight."
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone buys a palm tree after it has been pollinated, the fruits belong to the seller who has sold them unless the buyer makes a condition."[Agreed upon].
When the Prophet (ﷺ) came to al-Madinah, they were paying one and two years in advance for fruits. So he (ﷺ) said: "Those who paid in advance for fruits must do so for a specified measurement and weight, and for a specified time."[Agreed upon].
"Those who pay in advance for anything."
"We were getting a portion of the spoils of war along with Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), and some Nabateans (Arabs who mixed with non-Arabs and corrupted their language and lineage) from those of Syria used to come to us and we would pay in advance to them for wheat, barley and raisins - A narration has: 'and olive oil' - for a specified fixed time." It was asked, "Did they have standing crop?" They replied, "We were not asking them about that."[Reported by al-Bukhari].
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Whoever accepts other people's wealth intending to pay it back, Allah will pay it back for him. And whoever accepts it intending to waste it, Allah, the Most High, will waste (destroy) him."[Reported by al-Bukhari].
I said, "O Messenger of Allah, so-and-so has brought you clothes from Syria. What if you sent someone to him, and you get from him two garments on credit till it is easy for you to repay?" So he sent someone to him, but he refused.[al-Hakim and al-Baihaqi reported it, and its narrators are reliable].
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "An animal may be ridden, due to what is spent on it, when it is in pledge; and the milk of a camel may be drunk, due to what is spent on it, when it is in pledge. And the responsibility of spending on it is upon the one who rides (it) and drinks (its milk)."[Reported by al-Bukhari].
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A pledge does not become lost to its owner when he does not redeem it in time. Any increase in its value goes to him and any lost must be borne by him."[Reported by ad-Daraqutni and al-Hakim. Its narrators are reliable. However, the strongest opinion is that it is Mursal (missing link in the chain after the Tabi'i) as reported by Abu Dawud and others].
The Prophet (ﷺ) borrowed a young camel from a man. So, when some Sadaqa camels came to him he ordered Abu Rafi (RA) to re-pay the man his young camel. He told him (ﷺ), "I can only find an excellent camel in its seventh year." He said, "Give it to him, for the best of people is he who discharges his debt in the best manner."[Reported by Muslim].