Peacemaking

Saʿid ibn Abi Maryam narrated to us: Abu Ghassan narrated to us, saying: Abu Hazim narrated to me, from Sahl ibn Saʿd, may Allah be pleased with him: Some people of Banu ʿAmr ibn ʿAwf had a dispute, so the Prophet ﷺ went to them with some of his Companions to reconcile them. Prayer time came, but the Prophet ﷺ had not arrived. Bilal came and called the prayer, but the Prophet ﷺ still had not arrived. He went to Abu Bakr and said: “The Prophet ﷺ is delayed, and prayer time has come. Will you lead the people in prayer?” He said: “Yes, if you wish.” Bilal called the iqama, and Abu Bakr stepped forward. Then the Prophet ﷺ came, walking through the rows until he stood in the first row. The people began clapping, and they clapped a great deal. Abu Bakr hardly ever turned around during prayer, but he turned and saw the Prophet ﷺ behind him. The Prophet ﷺ gestured to him with his hand to continue leading the prayer where he was. Abu Bakr raised his hand, praised Allah, then backed away until he entered the row. The Prophet ﷺ stepped forward and led the people in prayer. When he had finished, he turned to the people and said: “People, why is it that when something happens to you during prayer, you clap? Clapping is for women. Whoever encounters something during prayer should say, ‘Glory be to Allah,’ for no one hears it without turning. Abu Bakr, what prevented you from leading the people in prayer when I gestured to you?” He said: “It would not be fitting for Ibn Abi Quhafa to lead prayer in front of the Prophet ﷺ.”

Musaddad narrated to us: Muʿtamir narrated to us, saying: I heard my father say that Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, said: It was suggested to the Prophet ﷺ: “If only you would go to ʿAbdullah ibn Ubayy.” So the Prophet ﷺ set out to him, riding a donkey, and the Muslims walked with him across salty ground. When the Prophet ﷺ reached him, he said: “Keep away from me! By Allah, the stench of your donkey has harmed me.” One of the Ansar said: “By Allah, the donkey of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ smells better than you.” A man from ʿAbdullah’s people became angry on his behalf, and the two men insulted each other. The companions of each became angry, and fighting broke out between them with sticks, hands, and sandals. We were told that this verse was revealed: “If two groups of believers fight, make peace between them.”

ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn ʿAbdullah narrated to us: Ibrahim ibn Saʿd narrated to us, from Salih, from Ibn Shihab, that Humayd ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman informed him that his mother, Umm Kulthum bint ʿUqba, informed him that she heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: “The liar is not the one who makes peace between people, conveying good or saying good.”

Muhammad ibn ʿAbdullah narrated to us: ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn ʿAbdullah al-Uwaysi and Ishaq ibn Muhammad al-Farawi narrated to us, both saying: Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar narrated to us, from Abu Hazim, from Sahl ibn Saʿd, may Allah be pleased with him: The people of Quba fought with one another until they threw stones. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was informed of this and said: “Let us go and make peace between them.”

Qutayba ibn Saʿid narrated to us; Sufyan narrated to us, from Hisham ibn ʿUrwa, from his father, from ʿAʾisha (may Allah be pleased with her), concerning the verse, “If a woman fears ill-treatment or desertion from her husband…” She said: “It refers to a man who sees something about his wife that he dislikes, such as her age or something else, and wants to leave her. She says, ‘Keep me, and allot me whatever you wish.’ There is no blame if the two of them reach an agreement.”

Adam narrated to us; Ibn Abi Dhiʾb narrated to us; al-Zuhri narrated to us, from ʿUbayd Allah ibn ʿAbd Allah, from Abu Hurayra and Zayd ibn Khalid al-Juhani (may Allah be pleased with them), who said: A Bedouin came and said, “Messenger of Allah, judge between us by the Book of Allah.” His adversary stood up and said, “He is right; judge between us by the Book of Allah.”

The Bedouin said, “My son worked for this man, and committed unlawful sexual intercourse with his wife. I was told that stoning was due on my son, so I ransomed him from that with one hundred sheep and a slave girl. Then I asked the people of knowledge, and they told me that my son was due one hundred lashes and exile for a year.” The Prophet said, “I will certainly judge between you by the Book of Allah. The slave girl and sheep are returned to you. Your son is due one hundred lashes and exile for a year. And you, Unays”—he said this to a man—“go tomorrow to this man’s wife and stone her.” Unays went to her the next morning and stoned her.

Yaʿqub narrated to us; Ibrahim ibn Saʿd narrated to us, from his father, from al-Qasim ibn Muhammad, from ʿAʾisha (may Allah be pleased with her), who said: The Messenger of Allah said, “Whoever introduces into this matter of ours something that does not belong to it, it is rejected.”

ʿAbd Allah ibn Jaʿfar al-Makhzumi and ʿAbd al-Wahid ibn Abi ʿAwn also narrated it from Saʿd ibn Ibrahim.

Muhammad ibn Bashshar narrated to us; Ghundar narrated to us; Shuʿba narrated to us, from Abu Ishaq, who said: I heard al-Baraʾ ibn ʿAzib (may Allah be pleased with them both) say: When the Messenger of Allah made peace with the people of al-Hudaybiya, ʿAli wrote an agreement between them. He wrote, “Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah.” The polytheists said, “Do not write ‘Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah’; if you were a messenger, we would not have fought you.” He told ʿAli, “Erase it.” ʿAli said, “I am not the one who will erase it.” So the Messenger of Allah erased it with his own hand.

He made peace with them on the condition that he and his Companions would enter Mecca and stay there for three days, and would enter carrying weapons only in their sheaths. They asked him what “the sheath of the weapons” meant, and he said, “The cases, with what is inside them.”

ʿUbayd Allah ibn Musa narrated to us, from Israʾil, from Abu Ishaq, from al-Baraʾ (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: The Prophet performed ʿumra in Dhu al-Qaʿda. The people of Mecca refused to let him enter until he made an agreement with them to stay there for three days. When they wrote the document, they wrote: “These are the terms agreed by Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah.” They said, “We will not accept that. Had we known you were the Messenger of Allah, we would not have barred you; rather, you are Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allah.” He said, “I am the Messenger of Allah, and I am Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allah.”

Then he said to ʿAli, “Erase ‘Messenger of Allah.’” He replied, “No, by Allah, I will never erase you.” The Messenger of Allah took the document and wrote: “These are the terms agreed by Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allah: no weapons may enter Mecca except in their cases; none of its people may leave with him if they wish to follow him; and he will not prevent any of his Companions who wish to stay there.”

When he entered Mecca and the agreed period had passed, they came to ʿAli and said, “Tell your companion to leave us; the period has ended.” The Prophet left, and Hamza’s daughter followed them, calling, “Uncle, uncle!” ʿAli took her by the hand and said to Fatima, “Take your cousin; look after her.” ʿAli, Zayd, and Jaʿfar disputed over her. ʿAli said, “I have the greater right to her; she is my cousin.” Jaʿfar said, “She is my cousin, and her maternal aunt is my wife.” Zayd said, “She is my brother’s daughter.” The Prophet ruled that she should go to her maternal aunt and said, “A maternal aunt is in the position of a mother.” He told ʿAli, “You are of me, and I am of you”; to Jaʿfar, “You resemble me in appearance and character”; and to Zayd, “You are our brother and our freedman.”

Musa ibn Masʿud said: Sufyan ibn Saʿid narrated to us, from Abu Ishaq, from al-Baraʾ ibn ʿAzib (may Allah be pleased with them both), who said: On the day of al-Hudaybiya, the Prophet made peace with the polytheists on three terms: anyone from among them who came to him would be returned to them, while anyone from among the Muslims who came to them would not be returned; he would enter Mecca the following year and stay there for three days; and he would enter carrying weapons only in their cases, such as a sword, bow, and the like. Abu Jandal then came, hobbling in his chains, and the Prophet returned him to them.

Musa said: Muʾammal did not mention Abu Jandal in his transmission from Sufyan; he said, “except with the weapons in their cases.”

Muhammad ibn Rafiʿ narrated to us; Surayj ibn al-Nuʿman narrated to us; Fulayh narrated to us, from Nafiʿ, from Ibn ʿUmar (may Allah be pleased with them both): The Messenger of Allah set out to perform ʿumra, but the Quraysh disbelievers blocked him from reaching the House. He sacrificed his offering and shaved his head at al-Hudaybiya, then agreed with them that he would perform ʿumra the following year, carry no weapons against them except swords, and stay there only as long as they wished. The following year he performed ʿumra and entered Mecca as agreed. After he had stayed three days, they ordered him to leave, and he left.

Musaddad narrated to us; Bishr narrated to us; Yahya narrated to us, from Bashir ibn Yasar, from Sahl ibn Abi Hathma, who said: ʿAbd Allah ibn Sahl and Muhayyisa ibn Masʿud ibn Zayd set out for Khaybar, which at that time was under a peace agreement.

Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allah al-Ansari said: Humayd told me that Anas told them: al-Rubayyiʿ, the daughter of al-Nadr, broke a young woman’s incisor. Her family asked for compensation for the injury and sought forgiveness, but they refused. They came to the Prophet, who ordered retaliation. Anas ibn al-Nadr said, “Messenger of Allah, will al-Rubayyiʿ’s incisor be broken? No, by the One who sent you with the truth, her incisor will not be broken!” He replied, “Anas, the Book of Allah prescribes retaliation.”

The other party then agreed and pardoned her. The Prophet said, “Among Allah’s servants are those who, if they swear an oath by Allah, He fulfills it.” Al-Fazari added, from Humayd, from Anas: “The people agreed and accepted the compensation.”

ʿAbd Allah ibn Muhammad narrated to us; Sufyan narrated to us, from Abu Musa, who said: I heard al-Hasan say: By Allah, al-Hasan ibn ʿAli advanced against Muʿawiya with battalions like mountains. ʿAmr ibn al-ʿAs said, “I see battalions that will not turn back until they have killed their peers.” Muʿawiya—who, by Allah, was the better of the two men—said, “ʿAmr, if these kill those and those kill these, who will be left to manage the people’s affairs? Who will look after their women and property?”

He sent him two Qurayshi men of Banu ʿAbd Shams, ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Samura and ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAmir ibn Kurayz. He told them, “Go to this man, present the offer to him, speak with him, and appeal to him.” They went in and asked al-Hasan to make peace. He said, “We, the descendants of ʿAbd al-Muttalib, have received some of this wealth, and this community has shed one another’s blood.” They told him what Muʿawiya offered and urged him to accept. He asked, “Who will guarantee this for me?” They replied, “We will guarantee it for you.” Whatever he asked of them, they said, “We guarantee it for you.” So he made peace with him.

Al-Hasan continued: I heard Abu Bakra say, “I saw the Messenger of Allah on the pulpit, with al-Hasan ibn ʿAli beside him. He would turn once toward the people and once toward al-Hasan, saying, ‘This son of mine is a leader, and perhaps Allah will bring reconciliation through him between two great groups of Muslims.’” ʿAli ibn ʿAbd Allah said to me: It was only through this hadith that we established that al-Hasan heard from Abu Bakra.

Musa ibn Masʿud said: Sufyan ibn Saʿid narrated to us, from Abu Ishaq, from al-Baraʾ ibn ʿAzib (may Allah be pleased with them both), who said: On the day of al-Hudaybiya, the Prophet made peace with the polytheists on three terms: anyone from among them who came to him would be returned to them, while any Muslim who came to them would not be returned; he would enter Mecca the following year and stay there for three days; and he would enter carrying weapons only in their cases—the sword, bow, and the like. Abu Jandal then came, hobbling in his chains, and the Prophet returned him to them.

Musa said: Muʾammal did not mention Abu Jandal in his transmission from Sufyan; he said, “except with the weapons in their cases.”

Yahya ibn Bukayr narrated to us; al-Layth narrated to us, from Jaʿfar ibn Rabiʿa, from al-Aʿraj, who said: ʿAbd Allah ibn Kaʿb ibn Malik told me, from Kaʿb ibn Malik, that he owed money to ʿAbd Allah ibn Abi Hadrad al-Aslami. He met him and kept after him until their voices rose. The Prophet passed by them and said, “Kaʿb,” gesturing with his hand as if to say, “Half.” Kaʿb took half of what was owed and waived the other half.

Ishaq narrated to us; ʿAbd al-Razzaq informed us; Maʿmar informed us, from Hammam, from Abu Hurayra (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: The Messenger of Allah said, “For every joint of a person there is charity due each day the sun rises. To act justly between people is charity.”

Abu al-Yaman narrated to us; Shuʿayb informed us, from al-Zuhri, who said: ʿUrwa ibn al-Zubayr informed me that al-Zubayr used to say that he disputed with a man of the Ansar who had fought at Badr before the Messenger of Allah, over a stream in the rocky tract from which they both irrigated. The Messenger of Allah said to al-Zubayr, “Irrigate first, Zubayr, then let the water flow to your neighbor.” The Ansari became angry and said, “Is it because he is your cousin?” The Messenger of Allah’s face changed, then he said, “Irrigate, then hold the water back until it reaches the embankment.” The Messenger of Allah thus gave al-Zubayr his full right. Before this, he had suggested a more generous arrangement that benefited both al-Zubayr and the Ansari; when the Ansari angered the Messenger of Allah, he gave al-Zubayr his full right under the clear ruling.

ʿUrwa said that al-Zubayr said: By Allah, I think this verse was revealed about that: “But no, by your Lord, they will not believe until they make you judge concerning what they dispute among themselves…”

Muhammad ibn Bashshar told me; ʿAbd al-Wahhab narrated to us; ʿUbayd Allah narrated to us, from Wahb ibn Kaysan, from Jabir ibn ʿAbd Allah (may Allah be pleased with them both), who said: My father died owing debts. I offered his creditors the dates in repayment, but they refused, thinking they would not cover the debt. I went to the Prophet and told him. He said, “When you harvest them and lay them out in the drying yard, let the Messenger of Allah know.”

He came with Abu Bakr and ʿUmar, sat among the dates, and prayed for blessing. Then he said, “Call your creditors and pay them in full.” I paid every person to whom my father owed money, and thirteen wasqs remained: seven of ʿAjwa and six of لون dates, or six of ʿAjwa and seven of لون dates. At sunset I met the Messenger of Allah and told him. He smiled and said, “Go to Abu Bakr and ʿUmar and tell them.” They said, “We knew this would happen when the Messenger of Allah did what he did.”

Hisham narrated from Wahb, from Jabir, that this happened at the afternoon prayer; he did not mention Abu Bakr or the Prophet smiling, and said that Jabir’s father had left thirty wasqs in debt. Ibn Ishaq narrated from Wahb, from Jabir, that it happened at the noon prayer.