Sahih al-Bukhari
Sales and Trade
كتاب البيوع
Chapter 1
بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى: {فَإِذَا قُضِيَتِ الصَّلاَةُ فَانْتَشِرُوا فِي الأَرْضِ وَابْتَغُوا مِنْ فَضْلِ اللَّهِ وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ كَثِيرًا لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ وَإِذَا رَأَوْا تِجَارَةً أَوْ لَهْوًا انْفَضُّوا إِلَيْهَا وَتَرَكُوكَ قَائِمًا قُلْ مَا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ مِنَ اللَّهْوِ وَمِنَ التِّجَارَةِ وَاللَّهُ خَيْرُ الرَّازِقِينَ}
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abu al-Yaman narrated to us: Shuayb narrated to us, from al-Zuhri, who said: Saeed ibn al-Musayyab and Abu Salama ibn Abd al-Rahman informed me that Abu Huraira, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “You say that Abu Huraira narrates many hadiths from the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. You also say, "Why do the Emigrants and the Ansar not narrate from the Messenger of Allah as Abu Huraira does?" My brothers among the Emigrants were occupied with trading in the markets, while I stayed close to the Messenger of Allah, content with enough to fill my stomach. I was present when they were absent, and I remembered when they forgot. My brothers among the Ansar were occupied with tending their property, while I was a poor man among the people of the Suffa. I would retain what they forgot. The Messenger of Allah once said during a speech, "No one will spread out his garment until I finish this speech of mine and then gather it to himself without retaining what I say." So I spread out a striped garment over myself. When the Messenger of Allah finished his speech, I gathered it to my chest. I have not forgotten anything of that speech of the Messenger of Allah.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The report contrasts the narrator staying close to the Prophet with the work obligations of the Emigrants and the Ansar.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah narrated to us: Ibrahim ibn Sad narrated to us, from his father, from his grandfather, who said: Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “When we arrived in Medina, the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, established a bond of brotherhood between me and Sad ibn al-Rabi. Sad ibn al-Rabi said, "I am the wealthiest of the Ansar, so I will divide my wealth equally with you. Look at my two wives, and whichever one you like, I will relinquish her to you; when she is free to marry, you may marry her." Abd al-Rahman said, "I have no need of that. Is there a market where trade is conducted?" He said, "The Qaynuqa market." Abd al-Rahman went there the next morning and returned with dried curds and clarified butter. He kept going there in the mornings, and before long Abd al-Rahman came with traces of yellow on him. The Messenger of Allah asked, "Have you married?" He said, "Yes." He asked, "Whom?" He said, "A woman from the Ansar." He asked, "What did you give as the bridal gift?" He said, "The weight of a date stone in gold, or a date stone of gold." The Prophet said to him, "Give a wedding feast, even if only with one sheep."”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The expression about the bridal gift is translated with both alternative wordings preserved as they appear in the source.
زِنَةَ نَوَاةٍ مِنْ ذَهَبٍ أَوْ نَوَاةً مِنْ ذَهَبٍ
The source itself gives two alternative formulations for the gold bridal gift.
None; both alternatives are retained.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Ahmad ibn Yunus narrated to us: Zuhayr narrated to us: Humayd narrated to us, from Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf arrived in Medina, and the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, established a bond of brotherhood between him and Sad ibn al-Rabi al-Ansari. Sad was wealthy, so he said to Abd al-Rahman, “I will divide my wealth equally with you and arrange a marriage for you.” Abd al-Rahman said, “May Allah bless your family and wealth for you. Show me the market.” He did not return until he had acquired some dried curds and clarified butter. He brought them to his household. We remained for a short while, or for however long Allah willed, then he came with traces of yellow on him. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said to him, “What is this?” He said, “O Messenger of Allah, I have married a woman from the Ansar.” He asked, “What did you give her?” He said, “A date stone of gold, or gold weighing as much as a date stone.” He said, “Give a wedding feast, even if only with one sheep.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
فَمَا رَجَعَ حَتَّى اسْتَفْضَلَ أَقِطًا وَسَمْنًا
The verb suggests obtaining a surplus or profit, while the report only specifies the curds and clarified butter he brought back.
Is a more precise commercial sense intended here?
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abdullah ibn Muhammad narrated to us: Sufyan narrated to us, from Amr, from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said: Ukaz, Majanna, and Dhu al-Majaz were marketplaces in the pre-Islamic era. When Islam came, it seemed that people regarded trading there as sinful, so the verse was revealed: “There is no blame upon you for seeking bounty from your Lord,” during the seasons of pilgrimage. Ibn Abbas recited it.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The verse is translated from the Arabic wording included in the source; no additional verse reference has been inserted.
Chapter 2
الْحَلاَلُ بَيِّنٌ وَالْحَرَامُ بَيِّنٌ وَبَيْنَهُمَا مُشَبَّهَاتٌ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn al-Muthanna told me: Ibn Abi Adi narrated to us, from Ibn Awn, from al-Shabi, who said: I heard al-Numan ibn Bashir, may Allah be pleased with him, say: I heard the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Ali ibn Abd Allah narrated to us: Ibn Uyayna narrated to us, from Abu Farwa, from al-Shabi, who said: I heard al-Numan, from the Prophet. Abdullah ibn Muhammad narrated to us: Ibn Uyayna narrated to us, from Abu Farwa, who said: I heard al-Shabi, who said: I heard al-Numan ibn Bashir, may Allah be pleased with them both, from the Prophet. Muhammad ibn Kathir narrated to us: Sufyan informed us, from Abu Farwa, from al-Shabi, from al-Numan ibn Bashir, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “The lawful is clear and the unlawful is clear, and between them are matters that are unclear. Whoever leaves what is unclear to him for fear that it may be sinful will be even more ready to leave what is plainly sinful. Whoever boldly undertakes what he doubts may be sinful is close to falling into what is plainly sinful. Acts of disobedience are Allah protected reserve; whoever grazes around the reserve is close to entering it.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The source preserves four transmission formulations before the full wording. The final image compares sins to a protected reserve whose boundary should not be approached carelessly.
مَنْ تَرَكَ مَا شُبِّهَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الإِثْمِ كَانَ لِمَا اسْتَبَانَ أَتْرَكَ
The comparison in أترك expresses greater avoidance, but the precise comparative force is compressed.
None; the comparative sense is retained.
Chapter 3
تَفْسِيرِ الْمُشَبَّهَاتِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn Kathir narrated to us: Sufyan informed us: Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Husayn narrated to us: Abd Allah ibn Abi Mulayka narrated to us, from Uqba ibn al-Harith, may Allah be pleased with him: A black woman came, claiming that she had breastfed both of them. He mentioned this to the Prophet, who turned away from him. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, smiled and said, “How can that be, when it has been said?” The daughter of Abu Ihab al-Tamimi was married to him at the time.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The source leaves the reference of the Prophet question كيف وقد قيل unstated; the wording is kept close without supplying the omitted object.
كَيْفَ وَقَدْ قِيلَ
The source does not state the object of كيف or repeat the claim referred to by وقد قيل.
Should the implied question be made explicit in a reviewed translation?
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Yahya ibn Qazaa narrated to us: Malik narrated to us, from Ibn Shihab, from Urwa ibn al-Zubayr, from Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, who said: Utba ibn Abi Waqqas had charged his brother, Sad ibn Abi Waqqas, saying, “The son of the enslaved woman belonging to Zam a is mine, so take custody of him.” In the year of the Conquest, Sad ibn Abi Waqqas took him and said, “He is the son of my brother; my brother had entrusted him to me.” Abd ibn Zam a stood up and said, “He is my brother, the son of the enslaved woman belonging to my father, and he was born on the bed of my father.” They both hurried to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Sad said, “O Messenger of Allah, he is the son of my brother, and my brother entrusted him to me.” Abd ibn Zam a said, “He is my brother, the son of the enslaved woman belonging to my father, and he was born on the bed of my father.” The Messenger of Allah said, “He is yours, Abd ibn Zam a.” Then the Prophet said, “The child belongs to the marital bed, and the adulterer gets only stones.” He then said to Sawda bint Zam a, the wife of the Prophet, “Veil yourself from him,” because he saw that the man resembled Utba. The man never saw her again until he died.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic gives the claimant name as Abd ibn Zam a; the English witness renders it differently. The legal maxim is kept close to its wording without adding a legal explanation to the narration.
فَقَامَ عَبْدُ بْنُ زَمْعَةَ
The Arabic names Abd ibn Zam a; the English witness has a different form, Abu bin Zam a.
None; the Arabic form is followed.
وَلِلْعَاهِرِ الْحَجَرُ
The maxim is idiomatic and may require interpretation beyond its literal wording.
Should a specialist gloss this maxim in a separate note?
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abu al-Walid narrated to us: Shuaba narrated to us, saying: Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Safar informed me, from al-Shabi, from Adi ibn Hatim, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: I asked the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, about the hunting shaft. He said, “If it strikes with its sharp edge, then eat; but if it strikes with its broad side, do not eat, for that is an animal beaten to death.” I said, “O Messenger of Allah, I release my dog after invoking the name of Allah, then find another dog with it over the prey, and I do not know which of the two caught it.” He said, “Do not eat it. You invoked the name of Allah over your dog, but you did not invoke it over the other one.”
Chapter 4
مَا يُتَنَزَّهُ مِنَ الشُّبُهَاتِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Qabisa narrated to us: Sufyan narrated to us, from Mansur, from Talha, from Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, passed by a fallen date and said, “Were it not that it might be charity, I would have eaten it.” Hammam reported from Abu Huraira, may Allah be pleased with him, from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, that he said, “I found a fallen date on my bed.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The second sentence is presented as an alternate report transmitted by Hammam from Abu Huraira.
Chapter 5
مَنْ لَمْ يَرَ الْوَسَاوِسَ وَنَحْوَهَا مِنَ الْمُشَبَّهَاتِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abu Nuaym narrated to us: Ibn Uyayna narrated to us, from al-Zuhri, from Abbad ibn Tamim, from his paternal uncle, who said: A man who felt something during prayer was mentioned to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and it was asked whether he should interrupt the prayer. He said, “No, unless he hears a sound or detects a smell.” Ibn Abi Hafsa reported from al-Zuhri: “There is no need for ablution except when you detect a smell or hear a sound.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic does not name the paternal uncle in this passage.
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Ahmad ibn al-Miqdam al-Ijli told me: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Tufawi narrated to us: Hisham ibn Urwa narrated to us, from his father, from Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her: Some people said, “O Messenger of Allah, some people bring us meat, and we do not know whether they mentioned the name of Allah over it or not.” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Mention the name of Allah over it and eat it.”
Chapter 6
بَابُ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى: {وَإِذَا رَأَوْا تِجَارَةً أَوْ لَهْوًا انْفَضُّوا إِلَيْهَا}
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Talq ibn Ghannam narrated to us: Zaida narrated to us, from Husayn, from Salim, who said: Jabir, may Allah be pleased with him, told me: While we were praying with the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, a caravan carrying food arrived from Syria. They turned toward it, until only twelve men remained with the Prophet. Then the verse was revealed: “When they see trade or amusement, they disperse toward it.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic quotation ends at انفضوا إليها; no continuation of the verse has been added.
وَإِذَا رَأَوْا تِجَارَةً أَوْ لَهْوًا انْفَضُّوا إِلَيْهَا
The English witness includes the rest of the verse, while the Arabic source quotes only this portion.
None; the quoted Arabic extent is preserved.
Chapter 7
مَنْ لَمْ يُبَالِ مِنْ حَيْثُ كَسَبَ الْمَالَ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Adam narrated to us: Ibn Abi Dhib narrated to us: Saeed al-Maqburi narrated to us, from Abu Huraira, may Allah be pleased with him, from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who said: “A time will come upon people when a person will not care whether what he takes is lawful or unlawful.”
Chapter 8
التِّجَارَةِ فِي الْبَرِّ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Abu Asim narrated to us, from Ibn Jurayj, who said: Amr ibn Dinar informed me, from Abu al-Minhal, who said: I used to trade in currency exchange, so I asked Zayd ibn Arqam, may Allah be pleased with him. He said that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had said. Al-Fadl ibn Yaqub told me: al-Hajjaj ibn Muhammad narrated to us, saying: Ibn Jurayj said: Amr ibn Dinar and Amir ibn Musab informed me that they both heard Abu al-Minhal say: I asked al-Bara ibn Azib and Zayd ibn Arqam about currency exchange. They said, “We were both merchants in the time of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and we asked him about currency exchange. He said, "If it is hand to hand, there is no harm; but if it is deferred, it is not permissible."”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The first transmission stops after introducing the Prophetic statement; the second supplies its wording and is preserved as a separate chain.
Chapter 9
الْخُرُوجِ فِي التِّجَارَةِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn Salam informed us: Makhlad ibn Yazid informed us: Ibn Jurayj informed us, saying: Ata informed me, from Ubayd ibn Umayr: Abu Musa al-Ashari sought permission to enter upon Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, but was not admitted. It seems Umar was occupied, so Abu Musa left. When Umar was free, he said, “Did I not hear the voice of Abd Allah ibn Qays? Let him in.” They said, “He has already gone back.” Umar sent for him. Abu Musa said, “We were instructed to do that.” Umar said, “Bring me proof of that.” Abu Musa went to the gathering of the Ansar and asked them. They said, “None of us can testify for you about this except the youngest of us, Abu Saeed al-Khudri.” So he brought Abu Saeed al-Khudri to him. Umar said, “Was some instruction of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, hidden from me? Trading in the markets distracted me.” That is, going out to trade.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic does not specify asking permission three times. The English witness adds that detail; the Arabic wording is followed.
فَقَالَ كُنَّا نُؤْمَرُ بِذَلِكَ
The English witness specifies asking three times, but the Arabic source does not state a number here.
None; the added number is excluded.
Chapter 10
التِّجَارَةِ فِي الْبَحْرِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Al-Layth also said: Jafar ibn Rabia told me, from Abd al-Rahman ibn Hurmuz, from Abu Huraira, may Allah be pleased with him, from the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, that he mentioned a man from the Children of Israel who went out to sea and attended to his need. He then related the rest of the hadith. Abdullah ibn Salih told me: al-Layth told me this same report.
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The source itself summarizes the remainder as the rest of the hadith; no missing narrative has been supplied.
Chapter 11
بَابُ: {وَإِذَا رَأَوْا تِجَارَةً أَوْ لَهْوًا انْفَضُّوا إِلَيْهَا} وَقَوْلُهُ جَلَّ ذِكْرُهُ: {رِجَالٌ لاَ تُلْهِيهِمْ تِجَارَةٌ وَلاَ بَيْعٌ عَنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ}
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad told me, saying: Muhammad ibn Fudayl told me, from Husayn, from Salim ibn Abi al-Jad, from Jabir, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: A caravan arrived while we were praying the Friday prayer with the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. The people dispersed, leaving only twelve men. Then this verse was revealed: “When they see trade or amusement, they disperse toward it and leave you standing.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The verse quotation is translated to the extent supplied in the Arabic source.
Chapter 12
بَابُ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى: {أَنْفِقُوا مِنْ طَيِّبَاتِ مَا كَسَبْتُمْ}
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Uthman ibn Abi Shayba narrated to us: Jarir narrated to us, from Mansur, from Abu Wail, from Masruq, from Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, who said: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “When a woman spends from the food of her household without acting wastefully, she receives a reward for what she spent; her husband receives a reward for what he earned; and the storekeeper receives the same. None of them diminishes the reward of another in the least.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The phrase غَيْرَ مُفْسِدَةٍ is rendered as acting without waste; its exact nuance may include not spoiling or causing harm through the expenditure.
غَيْرَ مُفْسِدَةٍ
The word can suggest not spoiling or causing harm, while the witness interprets it as not being extravagant.
Which nuance is intended in this context?
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Yahya ibn Jafar told me: Abd al-Razzaq narrated to us, from Mamar, from Hammam, who said: I heard Abu Huraira, may Allah be pleased with him, narrate from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who said: “When a woman spends from her husband earnings without his instruction, he receives half of its reward.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic does not explicitly say that the spending is charity; that detail in the English witness has not been added.
فَلَهُ نِصْفُ أَجْرِهِ
The pronoun refers to the husband, but the wording does not explicitly state who receives the other half.
Should the rendering remain limited to the stated reward for him?
Chapter 13
مَنْ أَحَبَّ الْبَسْطَ فِي الرِّزْقِ
Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.
Muhammad ibn Abi Yaqub al-Kirmani narrated to us: Hassan narrated to us: Yunus narrated to us: Muhammad narrated to us, from Anas ibn Malik, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, say: “Whoever would be pleased to have his provision expanded and his lifespan extended, let him maintain his ties of kinship.”
Notes and open questions — unreviewed
The Arabic idiom في أثره is rendered as an extension of lifespan.