Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad)

Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Dimashqi Abu al-Nadr narrated to us: Muhammad ibn Shu‘ayb narrated to us: Abu Zur‘ah, Yahya ibn Abi ‘Amr al-Saybani, informed me, from ‘Amr ibn ‘Abd Allah, who related to him, from Wa’ilah ibn al-Asqa‘, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ called out during the expedition to Tabuk. I went to my family, then came back after the Messenger of Allah’s ﷺ Companions had already set out. I began calling in Medina: “Who will carry a man who will have his share?” An elderly man from the Ansar called out: “His share will be ours if we carry him by turns, and his food will be with us.” I said: “Yes.” He said: “Then travel with the blessing of Allah, Exalted.” I set out with the best of companions until Allah granted us spoils. I received some she-camels as my portion and drove them until I reached him. He came out and sat on a pack-saddle among his camels’ saddles, then said: “Drive them away.” Then he said: “Drive them toward me.” He said: “Your she-camels seem excellent.” I said: “They are only your share of the spoils, which I had stipulated for you.” He said: “Take your she-camels, my nephew. We sought nothing but your share.”

Mūsā ibn Ismāʿīl narrated to us: Ḥammād—meaning Ibn Salamah—narrated to us; Muḥammad ibn Ziyād informed us. He said: I heard Abū Hurayrah say: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: ‘Our Lord, Mighty and Majestic, has indeed marvelled at people who are led to Paradise in chains.’

ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr ibn Abī al-Ḥajjāj Abū Maʿmar narrated to us: ʿAbd al-Wārith narrated to us; Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq narrated to us, from Yaʿqūb ibn ʿUtbah, from Muslim ibn ʿAbd Allāh, from Jundub ibn Makīth, who said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ghālib al-Laythī with a detachment, and I was among them. He ordered them to launch a raid against Banū al-Mulawwiḥ at al-Kadīd. We set out, and when we were at al-Kadīd we encountered al-Ḥārith ibn al-Barṣāʾ al-Laythī and seized him. He said, ‘I have come only intending to embrace Islam; I have set out only to go to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).’ We said, ‘If you are a Muslim, our keeping you confined for a day and a night will not harm you; but if you are otherwise, we will make sure of holding you securely.’ So we bound him tightly.

ʿĪsā ibn Ḥammād al-Miṣrī narrated to us, and Qutaybah (also narrated to us). Qutaybah said: al-Layth ibn Saʿd narrated to us, from Saʿīd ibn Abī Saʿīd, who heard Abū Hurayrah say: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent horsemen toward Najd. They returned with a man from Banū Ḥanīfah, Thumāmah ibn Uthāl, the chief of the people of al-Yamāmah, and tied him to one of the mosque’s pillars. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) came out to him and asked, ‘What do you have to say, Thumāmah?’ He replied, ‘I have a good answer, Muḥammad. If you kill me, you will kill a man whose blood will be avenged; if you show me favor, you will show favor to someone grateful; and if you want wealth, ask, and you will be given as much of it as you wish.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) left him there. When the next day came, he asked him, ‘What do you have to say, Thumāmah?’ He repeated the same words. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) left him there until the day after the next; he said the same again, and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) then said, ‘Set Thumāmah free.’ Thumāmah went to some palm trees near the mosque and bathed there. Then he entered the mosque and said, ‘I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I bear witness that Muḥammad is His servant and Messenger.’ He [the transmitter] related the rest of the report. ʿĪsā said: al-Layth informed us, and he said, ‘a man under protection.’

Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr al-Rāzī narrated to us: Salamah—meaning Ibn al-Faḍl—narrated to us, from Ibn Isḥāq, who said: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Bakr narrated to me, from Yaḥyā ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Saʿd ibn Zurārah, who said: When the captives were brought, Sawdah bint Zamʿah was with the family of ʿAfrāʾ at their camels’ resting place, beside ʿAwf and Muʿawwidh, the two sons of ʿAfrāʾ. This was before veiling had been prescribed for the women. Sawdah said: ‘By Allah, I was with them when I arrived, and someone said, “These captives have just been brought.” I returned to my house, where the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was. There, in a corner of the room, was Abū Yazīd—Suhayl ibn ʿAmr—with his hands bound to his neck by a rope.’ Then he related the report. Abū Dāwūd said: ‘Those two killed Abū Jahl ibn Hishām. They had volunteered to go after him without recognizing him, and they were killed on the day of Badr.’

Mūsā ibn Ismāʿīl narrated to us: Ḥammād narrated to us, from Thābit, from Anas: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) called his Companions to set out, and they went to Badr. There they came upon Quraysh’s water carriers, among whom was a Black enslaved man belonging to Banū al-Ḥajjāj. The Messenger of Allah’s Companions seized him and began asking, ‘Where is Abū Sufyān?’ He would say, ‘By Allah, I know nothing about his whereabouts, but Quraysh has come, including Abū Jahl, ʿUtbah and Shaybah, the two sons of Rabīʿah, and Umayyah ibn Khalaf.’ Whenever he told them that, they struck him. He would say, ‘Leave me, leave me; I will tell you.’ When they let him go, he would say, ‘By Allah, I know nothing about Abū Sufyān, but Quraysh has come, including Abū Jahl, ʿUtbah and Shaybah, the two sons of Rabīʿah, and Umayyah ibn Khalaf. They have indeed arrived.’ The Prophet (ﷺ) was praying and heard all this. When he finished, he said, ‘By the One in Whose hand is my soul, you strike him when he tells you the truth, and let him go when he lies. This is Quraysh; they have come to protect Abū Sufyān.’ Anas said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) then said, ‘This is where so-and-so will fall tomorrow,’ and he placed his hand on the ground. ‘And this is where so-and-so will fall tomorrow,’ and he placed his hand on the ground. ‘And this is where so-and-so will fall tomorrow,’ and he placed his hand on the ground. Then he said, ‘By the One in Whose hand is my soul, none of them fell beyond the place where the Messenger of Allah’s hand had been.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ordered that they be taken; they were seized by their feet, dragged, and cast into the well of Badr.

Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Muqaddimī narrated to us: Ashʿath ibn ʿAbd Allāh—meaning al-Sijistānī—narrated to us. And Muḥammad ibn Bashshār narrated to us: Ibn Abī ʿAdī narrated to us; this is his wording. And al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī narrated to us: Wahb ibn Jarīr narrated to us, from Shuʿbah, from Abū Bishr, from Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: A woman who had repeatedly lost her children would vow that, if a child of hers lived, she would make him a Jew. When Banū al-Naḍīr were expelled, some of the Anṣār’s children were among them. They said, ‘We will not leave our children.’ So Allah, Mighty and Majestic, revealed: ‘There is no compulsion in religion; right guidance has become distinct from error.’ Abū Dāwūd said: ‘Al-miqālāt is a woman whose child does not live.’

ʿUthmān ibn Abī Shaybah narrated to us: Aḥmad ibn al-Mufaḍḍal narrated to us: Asbāṭ ibn Naṣr narrated to us; al-Suddī related from Muṣʿab ibn Saʿd, from Saʿd, who said: When Makkah was conquered, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) granted the people security except for four men and two women, whom he named; ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Sarḥ was among them. He then related the report. As for Ibn Abī Sarḥ, he had taken refuge with ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān. When the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) called the people to pledge allegiance, ʿUthmān brought him and stood him before the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), saying, ‘O Prophet of Allah, accept ʿAbd Allāh’s pledge.’ The Prophet raised his head and looked at him three times, refusing each time. After the third time, he accepted his pledge. Then he turned to his Companions and said, ‘Was there no discerning man among you who would have stood up to this man and killed him when he saw that I was withholding my hand from accepting his pledge?’ They said, ‘We did not know what was in your heart, Messenger of Allah. Why did you not signal to us with your eyes?’ He said, ‘It is not fitting for a Prophet to have a treacherous glance.’ Abū Dāwūd said: ‘ʿAbd Allāh was ʿUthmān’s foster-brother, and al-Walīd ibn ʿUqbah was ʿUthmān’s brother through their mother. ʿUthmān administered the prescribed punishment to him when he drank wine.’

Muḥammad ibn al-ʿAlāʾ narrated to us: Zayd ibn Ḥubāb narrated to us: ʿAmr ibn ʿUthmān ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Saʿīd ibn Yarbuʿ al-Makhzūmī reported to us: My grandfather narrated to me, from his father, that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said on the day Makkah was conquered, ‘There are four whom I grant no security, whether within the sacred precinct or outside it.’ He named them. The report also mentions two singing women who belonged to Miqyās: one was killed, while the other escaped and embraced Islam. Abū Dāwūd said: ‘I did not understand its chain of transmission from Ibn al-ʿAlāʾ as well as I would have liked.’

Al-Qaʿnabī narrated to us, from Mālik, from Ibn Shihāb, from Anas ibn Mālik: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) entered Makkah in the year of the conquest, wearing a helmet on his head. When he removed it, a man came to him and said, ‘Ibn Khaṭal is clinging to the coverings of the Kaʿbah.’ He said, ‘Kill him.’ Abū Dāwūd said: ‘Ibn Khaṭal’s name was ʿAbd Allāh, and Abū Barzah al-Aslamī killed him.’

ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Raqqī narrated to us: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Raqqī narrated to us: ʿUbayd Allāh ibn ʿAmr informed me, from Zayd ibn Abī Unaysah, from ʿAmr ibn Murrah, from Ibrāhīm, who said: Al-Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Qays intended to appoint Masrūq to an office. ʿUmārah ibn ʿUqbah said to him, ‘Would you appoint a man from among the remnants of ʿUthmān’s killers?’ Masrūq replied, ‘ʿAbd Allāh ibn Masʿūd narrated to us—and in our view he was reliable in hadith—that when the Prophet (ﷺ) intended to kill your father, he asked, “Who will look after the children?” He replied, “The Fire.” So I have accepted for you what the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) accepted for you.’

Saʿīd ibn Manṣūr narrated to us: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Wahb narrated to us: ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith informed me, from Bukayr ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ashajj, from Ibn Taʿlā, who said: We campaigned with ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Khālid ibn al-Walīd. Four non-Arab enemy men were brought to him, and he ordered that they be killed while held captive. Abū Dāwūd said: Other than Saʿīd, transmitters narrated from Ibn Wahb in this report that he said, ‘They were killed with arrows while held captive.’ When that reached Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī, he said, ‘I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibit killing captives in this manner. By the One in Whose hand is my soul, even if it were a chicken, I would not kill it while holding it captive.’ When this reached ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Khālid ibn al-Walīd, he freed four enslaved people.

Mūsā ibn Ismāʿīl narrated to us: Ḥammād narrated to us: Thābit informed us, from Anas: Eighty men from Makkah descended from the mountains of al-Tanʿīm upon the Prophet (ﷺ) and his Companions at the dawn prayer, intending to kill them. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) captured them without a fight and then freed them. So Allah, Mighty and Majestic, revealed: ‘He is the One who withheld their hands from you and your hands from them in the valley of Makkah’—through the end of the verse.

Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Fāris narrated to us: ʿAbd al-Razzāq narrated to us: Maʿmar informed us, from al-Zuhrī, from Muḥammad ibn Jubayr ibn Muṭʿim, from his father, that the Prophet (ﷺ) said to the prisoners of Badr, ‘If Muṭʿim ibn ʿAdī were alive and spoke to me about these foul men, I would release them to him.’

Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal narrated to us: Abū Nūḥ narrated to us: ʿIkrimah ibn ʿAmmār narrated to us: Simāk al-Ḥanafī narrated to us: Ibn ʿAbbās narrated to us: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb told me: At Badr, the Prophet (ﷺ) took ransom. Then Allah, Mighty and Majestic, revealed: ‘It is not for a prophet to have captives until he has thoroughly subdued the land’—up to His words, ‘a severe punishment would have touched you for what you took’ in ransom. Then Allah made the spoils lawful for them. Abū Dāwūd said: I heard Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal asked about Abū Nūḥ’s name. He replied, ‘What would you do with his name? It is an ugly name.’ Abū Dāwūd said: ‘Abū Nūḥ’s name was Qurād, but the correct name is ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ghazwān.’

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Mubārak al-ʿAyshī narrated to us: Sufyān ibn Ḥabīb narrated to us: Shuʿbah narrated to us, from Abū al-ʿAnbas, from Abū al-Shaʿthāʾ, from Ibn ʿAbbās, that the Prophet (ﷺ) set the ransom for the people of the pre-Islamic period at four hundred on the day of Badr.

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Nufaylī narrated to us: Muḥammad ibn Salamah narrated to us, from Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, from Yaḥyā ibn ʿAbbād, from his father—ʿAbbād ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr—from ʿĀʾishah, who said: When the people of Makkah sent to ransom their captives, Zaynab sent money to ransom Abū al-ʿĀṣ and included a necklace of hers that had belonged to Khadījah, which Zaynab had brought with her into her marriage to Abū al-ʿĀṣ. When the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) saw it, he felt deep compassion for her and said, ‘If you see fit, release her captive for her and return to her what belongs to her.’ They said, ‘Yes.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) had stipulated with him—or promised him—that he would let Zaynab go to him. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent Zayd ibn Ḥārithah and a man from the Anṣār, saying, ‘Wait in the valley of Yaʿjij until Zaynab passes by you; then accompany her and bring her here.’

Aḥmad ibn Abī Maryam narrated to us: My uncle—meaning Saʿīd ibn al-Ḥakam—narrated to us: al-Layth ibn Saʿd informed us, from ʿUqayl, from Ibn Shihāb. He said: ʿUrwah ibn al-Zubayr mentioned that Marwān and al-Miswar ibn Makhramah informed him that when the delegation of Hawāzin came to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) as Muslims, they asked him to return their property. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to them, ‘Those you see are with me, and the words dearest to me are the truest. So choose either the captives or the property.’ They said, ‘We choose our captives.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) stood, praised Allah, and then said, ‘To proceed: these brothers of yours have come repentant, and I have decided to return their captives to them. Whoever among you would gladly relinquish his share, let him do so; whoever wishes to retain his share until we compensate him from the first spoils Allah grants us, let him do so.’ The people said, ‘Messenger of Allah, we gladly relinquish it to them.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to them, ‘We cannot tell which of you has given permission and which has not, so go back until your leaders report your decision to us.’ The people returned; their leaders spoke with them and informed him that they had gladly consented and given permission.

Mūsā ibn Ismāʿīl narrated to us: Ḥammād narrated to us, from Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, from ʿAmr ibn Shuʿayb, from his father, from his grandfather, concerning this event. He said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, ‘Return their women and children to them. Whoever keeps anything from this booty will be owed six camels for it by us, from the first spoils Allah grants us.’ Then the Prophet (ﷺ) approached a camel, took a tuft of hair from its hump, and said, ‘People, I have no share in the booty—not even this,’ and he raised his two fingers, ‘except for the fifth; and the fifth is returned to you. So return even the thread and the needle.’ A man stood with a ball of hair in his hand and said, ‘I took this to mend a saddle blanket of mine.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, ‘As for what is mine and the Banū ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib’s, it is yours.’ The man said, ‘Now that I see how this stands, I have no need of it,’ and he threw it away.

Muḥammad ibn al-Muthannā narrated to us: Muʿādh ibn Muʿādh narrated to us. And Hārūn ibn ʿAbd Allāh narrated to us: Rawḥ narrated to us: Saʿīd narrated to us, from Qatādah, from Anas, from Abū Ṭalḥah, who said: When the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prevailed over a people, he would stay in their open ground for three nights. Ibn al-Muthannā said: When he prevailed over a people, he liked to stay in their open ground for three nights. Abū Dāwūd said: Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd used to criticize this report because it was not among Saʿīd’s early narrations: he underwent a change in year forty-five, and he transmitted this report only late in life. Abū Dāwūd also said: It is said that Wakīʿ received it from him after that change.