Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad)

ʿUthmān ibn Abī Shaybah narrated to us: Isḥāq ibn Manṣūr narrated to us: ʿAbd al-Salām ibn Ḥarb narrated to us, from Yazīd ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, from al-Ḥakam, from Maymūn ibn Abī Shabīb, from ʿAlī, that he separated an enslaved woman from her child. The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade him to do that and annulled the sale. Abū Dāwūd said: ‘Maymūn did not meet ʿAlī. [He] was killed at al-Jamājim, which took place in year eighty-three.’ Abū Dāwūd said: ‘Al-Ḥarrah took place in year sixty-three, and Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in year seventy-three.’

Hārūn ibn ʿAbd Allāh narrated to us: Hāshim ibn al-Qāsim narrated to us: ʿIkrimah narrated to us: Iyās ibn Salamah narrated to me: My father said: We went out with Abū Bakr, whom the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) had appointed over us, and we campaigned against Fazārah and launched a raid. Then I saw a band of people, including children and women. I shot an arrow that landed between them and the mountain, and they stopped. I brought them to Abū Bakr. Among them was a woman from Fazārah wearing a covering of leather; with her was a daughter of hers, one of the most beautiful of the Arabs. Abū Bakr awarded her daughter to me as a share. I came to Madīnah, and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) met me and said, ‘Salamah, give me the woman.’ I said, ‘By Allah, she has captivated me, and I have not uncovered her clothing.’ He said nothing. The next day, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) met me in the market and said, ‘Salamah, give me the woman—may your father be blessed.’ I said, ‘Messenger of Allah, by Allah, I have not uncovered her clothing, and she is yours.’ He sent her to the people of Makkah, who had captives in their hands, and ransomed those captives with that woman.

Ṣāliḥ ibn Suhayl narrated to us: Yaḥyā—meaning Ibn Abī Zāʾidah—narrated to us, from ʿUbayd Allāh, from Nāfiʿ, from Ibn ʿUmar: A young enslaved man belonging to Ibn ʿUmar fled to the enemy, but the Muslims overcame them. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) returned him to Ibn ʿUmar, and he was not divided up as booty. Abū Dāwūd said: Others said that Khālid ibn al-Walīd returned him to him.

Muḥammad ibn Sulaymān al-Anbārī and al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī narrated to us—meaning the report is in agreement—saying: Ibn Numayr narrated to us, from ʿUbayd Allāh, from Nāfiʿ, from Ibn ʿUmar, who said: One of his horses went missing and the enemy seized it. The Muslims overcame them, and it was returned to him during the Messenger of Allah’s (ﷺ) lifetime. A slave of his then fled and went to Roman territory. The Muslims overcame them, and Khālid ibn al-Walīd returned the slave to him after the Prophet (ﷺ).

ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Yaḥyā al-Ḥarrānī narrated to us: Muḥammad—meaning Ibn Salamah—narrated to me, from Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, from Abān ibn Ṣāliḥ, from Manṣūr ibn al-Muʿtamir, from Ribʿī ibn Ḥirāsh, from ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, who said: Some enslaved men went out to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)—that is, on the day of al-Ḥudaybiyah, before the treaty. Their masters wrote to him, saying, ‘Muḥammad, by Allah, they have not come to you out of desire for your religion; they have only come to escape slavery.’ Some people said, ‘They speak the truth, Messenger of Allah; send them back to their masters.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) became angry and said, ‘I see that you will not desist, Quraysh, until Allah sends against you people who strike your necks over this.’ He refused to send them back and said, ‘They are freed by Allah, Mighty and Majestic.’

Ibrāhīm ibn Ḥamzah al-Zubayrī narrated to us: Anas ibn ʿIyāḍ narrated to us, from ʿUbayd Allāh, from Nāfiʿ, from Ibn ʿUmar: An army gained food and honey as spoils during the time of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), but no fifth was taken from them.

Mūsā ibn Ismāʿīl and al-Qaʿnabī narrated to us: Sulaymān narrated to us—meaning Ḥumayd ibn Hilāl—from ʿAbd Allāh ibn Mughaffal, who said: A leather bag of fat was lowered on the day of Khaybar. I went to it and clung to it. Then I said, ‘Today I will not give anyone any of this.’ I turned around, and there was the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), smiling at me.

Sulaymān ibn Ḥarb narrated to us: Jarīr—meaning Ibn Ḥāzim—narrated to us, from Yaʿlā ibn Ḥakīm, from Abū Lubayd, who said: We were with ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Samurah at Kābul. The people gained booty and plundered it. He stood to address them and said, ‘I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibit plundering.’ They returned what they had taken, and he divided it among them.

Muḥammad ibn al-ʿAlāʾ narrated to us: Abū Muʿāwiyah narrated to us: Abū Isḥāq al-Shaybānī narrated to us, from Muḥammad ibn Abī Mujālid, from ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Awfā, who said: I asked, ‘Did you take a fifth from the food during the time of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)?’ He replied, ‘On the day of Khaybar we acquired food as booty, and a man would come, take from it as much as he needed, and then leave.’

Hannād ibn al-Sarī narrated to us: Abū al-Aḥwaṣ narrated to us, from ʿĀṣim—meaning Ibn Kulayb—from his father, from a man of the Anṣār, who said: We went out with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) on a journey. The people were struck by severe need and hardship, and they obtained sheep and plundered them. Our pots were already boiling when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) came walking with his bow. He tipped over our pots with his bow, then began rubbing the meat with dirt. He said, ‘Indeed, plundered property is no more lawful than carrion’—or he said, ‘Indeed, carrion is no more lawful than plundered property.’ Hannād was unsure which wording it was.

Saʿīd ibn Manṣūr narrated to us: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Wahb narrated to us: ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith informed me that Ibn Ḥarshaf al-Azdī told him, from al-Qāsim, the client of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, from some of the Prophet’s Companions, who said: During campaigns we would eat camel meat without dividing it up, until we would return to our camps with our saddle-bags filled with it.

Muḥammad ibn al-Muṣaffā narrated to us: Muḥammad ibn al-Mubārak narrated to us, from Yaḥyā ibn Ḥamzah, who said: Abū ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz—a shaykh from the people of Jordan—narrated to us, from ʿUbādah ibn Nusayy, from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ghanm, who said: We were stationed at the city of Qinnasrīn with Shuraḥbīl ibn al-Simṭ. When he conquered it, he acquired sheep and cattle there; he distributed some of them among us and placed the rest with the booty. I met Muʿādh ibn Jabal and told him about it. Muʿādh said: We went on campaign with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) at Khaybar and acquired sheep there. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) distributed some among us and placed the rest with the booty.

Saʿīd ibn Manṣūr and ʿUthmān ibn Abī Shaybah narrated to us—the wording is similar. Abū Dāwūd said, ‘I am more precise in transmitting his report.’ They both said: Abū Muʿāwiyah narrated to us, from Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, from Yazīd ibn Abī Ḥabīb, from Abū Marzūq, the client of Tujīb, from Ḥanash al-Ṣanʿānī, from Ruwayfiʿ ibn Thābit al-Anṣārī, that the Prophet (ﷺ) said: ‘Whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day must not ride an animal from the Muslims’ spoils and then return it once he has made it emaciated; and whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day must not wear a garment from the Muslims’ spoils and then return it once he has worn it threadbare.’

Muḥammad ibn al-ʿAlāʾ narrated to us: Ibrāhīm—meaning Ibn Yūsuf ibn Isḥāq ibn Abī Isḥāq al-Sabīʿī—informed us, from his father, from Abū Isḥāq al-Sabīʿī, who said: Abū ʿUbaydah narrated to me, from his father, who said: I passed by Abū Jahl, lying fallen with his leg struck. I said, ‘Enemy of Allah, Abū Jahl, Allah has disgraced the one farthest away.’ I was not afraid of him then. He replied, ‘Who could be farther away than a man killed by his own people?’ I struck him with a weak sword, but it did nothing. Then his sword fell from his hand, so I struck him with it until he was dead.

Musaddad narrated to us: Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd and Bishr ibn al-Mufaḍḍal narrated to them, from Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd, from Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Ḥabbān, from Abū ʿAmrah, from Zayd ibn Khālid al-Juhanī: A man from among the Prophet’s Companions died on the day of Khaybar. They told the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) about it, and he said, ‘Pray over your companion.’ The people’s faces changed at that, so he said, ‘Your companion misappropriated from the spoils while serving in Allah’s cause.’ We searched his belongings and found some Jewish beads worth less than two dirhams.

Al-Qaʿnabī narrated to us, from Mālik, from Thawr ibn Zayd al-Daylī, from Abū al-Ghayth, the client of Ibn Muṭīʿ, from Abū Hurayrah, who said: We went out with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in the year of Khaybar. We took no gold or silver as spoils, only clothing, equipment, and other goods. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent a detachment toward Wādī al-Qurā. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) had been given a Black enslaved man called Midʿam. When they were at Wādī al-Qurā, Midʿam was unloading the Messenger of Allah’s (ﷺ) riding gear when an arrow struck him and killed him. The people said, ‘Paradise be his!’ The Prophet (ﷺ) said, ‘No, by the One in Whose hand is my soul! The cloak he took from the spoils of Khaybar, before it had been apportioned, will blaze as fire around him.’ When they heard that, a man brought a sandal strap or two sandal straps to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, ‘A sandal strap of fire’—or he said, ‘Two sandal straps of fire.’

Abū Ṣāliḥ, Maḥbūb ibn Mūsā, narrated to us: Abū Isḥāq al-Fazārī informed us, from ʿAbd Allāh ibn Shawdhab, who said: ʿĀmir—meaning Ibn ʿAbd al-Wāḥid—narrated to me, from Ibn Buraydah, from ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr, who said: Whenever the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) gained booty, he would order Bilāl to call out among the people. They would bring their spoils, and he would take out the fifth and distribute the rest. Later a man came with a halter made of hair and said, ‘Messenger of Allah, this is something we acquired from the booty.’ He asked, ‘Did you hear Bilāl calling out?’ He asked him this three times. The man said, ‘Yes.’ He asked, ‘Then what kept you from bringing it?’ The man offered him an excuse, so he said, ‘You carry it yourself on the Day of Resurrection; I will not accept it from you.’

Al-Nufaylī and Saʿīd ibn Manṣūr narrated to us: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad narrated to us—al-Nufaylī said, ‘al-Andarāwardī’—from Ṣāliḥ ibn Muḥammad ibn Zāʾidah. Abū Dāwūd said, ‘This Ṣāliḥ is Abū Wāqid.’ He said: I entered Roman territory with Maslamah, and a man who had misappropriated from the booty was brought. He asked Sālim about him, and Sālim said, ‘I heard my father narrate from ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, from the Prophet (ﷺ), who said: “When you find a man who has misappropriated from the booty, burn his belongings and beat him.”’ We found a copy of the Qur’an among his belongings and asked Sālim about it. He said, ‘Sell it and give its price in charity.’

Abū Ṣāliḥ, Maḥbūb ibn Mūsā al-Anṭākī, narrated to us: Abū Isḥāq narrated to us, from Ṣāliḥ ibn Muḥammad, who said: We went on campaign with al-Walīd ibn Hishām, accompanied by Sālim ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUmar and ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. A man misappropriated some property. Al-Walīd ordered that his property be burned and publicly displayed, and did not give him his share. Abū Dāwūd said: ‘This is the sounder of the two reports. More than one transmitter reported that al-Walīd ibn Hishām burned the riding gear of Ziyād ibn Saʿd—who had misappropriated from the booty—and beat him.’

Muḥammad ibn ʿAwf narrated to us: Mūsā ibn Ayyūb narrated to us: al-Walīd ibn Muslim narrated to us: Zuhayr ibn Muḥammad narrated to us, from ʿAmr ibn Shuʿayb, from his father, from his grandfather, that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), Abū Bakr, and ʿUmar burned the belongings of a person who had misappropriated from the booty and beat him. Abū Dāwūd said: ʿAlī ibn Baḥr adds, from al-Walīd—though I did not hear this from him—‘and they withheld his share.’ Abū Dāwūd said: al-Walīd ibn ʿUtbah and ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ibn Najdah both narrated this to us: al-Walīd, from Zuhayr ibn Muḥammad, from ʿAmr ibn Shuʿayb, as his own report. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ibn Najdah al-Ḥawṭī did not mention that his share was withheld.