Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad)

Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd ibn Sufyān narrated to us: Yaḥyā ibn Ḥassān narrated to us: Sulaymān ibn Mūsā Abū Dāwūd narrated to us: Jaʿfar ibn Saʿd ibn Samurah ibn Jundub narrated to me: Khubayb ibn Sulaymān narrated to me, from his father, Sulaymān ibn Samurah, from Samurah ibn Jundub. He said: To proceed—the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) used to say, ‘Whoever conceals a person who has misappropriated from the booty is like him.’

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Maslamah al-Qaʿnabī narrated to us, from Mālik, from Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd, from ʿUmar ibn Kathīr ibn Aflah, from Abū Muḥammad, the client of Abū Qatādah, from Abū Qatādah, who said: We went out with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in the year of Ḥunayn. When we met the enemy, the Muslims were driven back. I saw a polytheist overpowering a Muslim man, so I circled around and came at him from behind, striking him with my sword at the tendon of his shoulder. He turned on me and squeezed me so fiercely that I felt death’s breath. Then death overtook him and he let me go. I caught up with ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb and asked, ‘What has happened to the people?’ He said, ‘It is Allah’s decree.’ Then the people returned and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sat down and said, ‘Whoever kills a man and has proof of it may have that man’s spoils.’ I stood up and said, ‘Who will testify for me?’ Then I sat down. He said the same a second time; I stood and asked, ‘Who will testify for me?’ and sat down. He said it a third time, and I stood. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) asked, ‘What is it, Abū Qatādah?’ I related the story to him. A man among the people said, ‘He has told the truth, Messenger of Allah, and I have that slain man’s spoils with me, so let him have them in exchange.’ Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq said, ‘No, by Allah! Would he attack one of Allah’s lions, fighting for Allah and His Messenger, only for you to be given his spoils?’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, ‘He has spoken the truth; give them to him.’ Abū Qatādah said: He gave them to me. I sold the coat of mail and bought an orchard in Banū Salimah with its price; it was the first property I acquired in Islam.

Mūsā ibn Ismāʿīl narrated to us: Ḥammād narrated to us, from Isḥāq ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Ṭalḥah, from Anas ibn Mālik, who said: On that day—that is, the day of Ḥunayn—the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, ‘Whoever kills a disbeliever gets his spoils.’ Abū Ṭalḥah killed twenty men that day and took their spoils. Abū Ṭalḥah met Umm Sulaym, who had a dagger with her. He said, ‘What is that you have with you, Umm Sulaym?’ She said, ‘By Allah, I intended that if any of them came near me, I would rip open his belly with it.’ Abū Ṭalḥah told the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) about this. Abū Dāwūd said: ‘This is a ḥasan report.’ Abū Dāwūd also said: ‘By this we mean a dagger; in those days the dagger was the weapon of the non-Arabs.’

Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal narrated to us: al-Walīd ibn Muslim narrated to us: Ṣafwān ibn ʿAmr narrated to me, from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Jubayr ibn Nufayr, from his father, from ʿAwf ibn Mālik al-Ashjaʿī, who said: I went out with Zayd ibn Ḥārithah on the expedition of Muʾtah. A reinforcement soldier from Yemen joined me; he had nothing but his sword. One of the Muslims slaughtered a camel, and the reinforcement soldier asked him for a piece of its hide. He gave it to him, and the man fashioned it into something like a shield. We proceeded and encountered the Roman forces. Among them was a man on a chestnut horse with a gilded saddle and gilded weapons. The Roman kept inciting them against the Muslims. The reinforcement soldier crouched behind a rock for him. When the Roman passed by, the soldier hamstrung his horse; the man fell, and the soldier leapt upon him, killed him, and took his horse and weapons. When Allah, Mighty and Majestic, granted the Muslims victory, Khālid ibn al-Walīd sent for the soldier and took the slain man’s spoils from him. ʿAwf said: I went to Khālid and said, ‘Khālid, did you not know that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ruled that the slain man’s spoils belong to the one who killed him?’ He said, ‘Yes, but I considered them too much.’ I said, ‘You must return them to him, or I will bring this matter before the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).’ He refused to return them. ʿAwf said: We gathered with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), and I told him the story of the reinforcement soldier and what Khālid had done. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, ‘Khālid, what made you do what you did?’ He said, ‘Messenger of Allah, I considered them too much.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, ‘Khālid, return to him what you took from him.’ ʿAwf said: I said to him, ‘There you are, Khālid—did I not keep my word to you?’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, ‘What is that?’ I told him, and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) became angry and said, ‘Khālid, do not return it to him. Will you leave my commanders to me? You receive the best part of their work, while its difficult part falls to them.’

Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal narrated to us: al-Walīd narrated to us: I asked Thawr about this report, and he narrated to me from Khālid ibn Maʿdān, from Jubayr ibn Nufayr, from his father, from ʿAwf ibn Mālik al-Ashjaʿī, with a report similar to it.

Saʿīd ibn Manṣūr narrated to us: Ismāʿīl ibn ʿAyyāsh narrated to us, from Ṣafwān ibn ʿAmr, from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Jubayr ibn Nufayr, from his father, from ʿAwf ibn Mālik al-Ashjaʿī and Khālid ibn al-Walīd, that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ruled that the slain man’s spoils belong to his killer and that no fifth is taken from those spoils.

Hārūn ibn ʿAbbād al-Azdī narrated to us: Wakīʿ narrated to us, from his father, from Abū Isḥāq, from Abū ʿUbaydah, from ʿAbd Allāh ibn Masʿūd, who said: On the day of Badr, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) awarded me Abū Jahl’s sword as an extra share, for I had killed him.

Saʿīd ibn Manṣūr narrated to us: Ismāʿīl ibn ʿAyyāsh narrated to us, from Muḥammad ibn al-Walīd al-Zubaydī, from al-Zuhrī, that ʿAnbasah ibn Saʿīd informed him that he had heard Abū Hurayrah relate to Saʿīd ibn al-ʿĀṣ: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent Abān ibn Saʿīd ibn al-ʿĀṣ with a detachment from Madīnah toward Najd. Abān ibn Saʿīd and his companions arrived at Khaybar to meet the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) after he had conquered it. The girths of their horses were made of palm fiber. Abān said, ‘Messenger of Allah, allot us a share.’ Abū Hurayrah said, ‘I said, “Do not allot them a share, Messenger of Allah.”’ Abān said, ‘You are here, Wabr, having come down upon us from the summit of Ḍāl.’ The Prophet (ﷺ) said, ‘Sit down, Abān.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) did not allot them a share.

Ḥāmid ibn Yaḥyā al-Balkhī narrated to us: Sufyān narrated to us: al-Zuhrī narrated to us—after Ismāʿīl ibn Umayyah had asked him—and related to us that he had heard ʿAnbasah ibn Saʿīd al-Qurashī narrate from Abū Hurayrah, who said: I came to Madīnah while the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was at Khaybar, after it had been conquered. I asked him to allot me a share. One of the sons of Saʿīd ibn al-ʿĀṣ spoke and said, ‘Do not allot him a share, Messenger of Allah.’ I said, ‘This is the killer of Ibn Qawqal.’ Saʿīd ibn al-ʿĀṣ said, ‘How astonishing—a Wabr who has come down upon us from the summit of Ḍāl, reproaching me for killing a Muslim whom Allah honored through my hand, while He did not disgrace me through his.’ Abū Dāwūd said: ‘They were about ten; six of them were killed, and the rest returned.’

Muḥammad ibn al-ʿAlāʾ narrated to us: Abū Usāmah narrated to us: Burayd narrated to us, from Abū Burdah, from Abū Mūsā, who said: We arrived and met the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) just as he had conquered Khaybar. He allotted us a share—or, he said, he gave us some of it. He allotted nothing from it to anyone who had been absent from the conquest; he gave shares only to those who had been present with him—except for the people aboard our ship, Jaʿfar and his companions: he allotted shares to them along with us.

Maḥbūb ibn Mūsā Abū Ṣāliḥ narrated to us: Abū Isḥāq al-Fazārī informed us, from Kulayb ibn Wāʾil, from Hāniʾ ibn Qays, from Ḥabīb ibn Abī Mulaykah, from Ibn ʿUmar, who said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) stood up—that is, on the day of Badr—and said, ‘ʿUthmān has gone on an errand for Allah and His Messenger, and I am pledging allegiance on his behalf.’ The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) allotted him a share, but did not allot one to any other person who was absent.

Maḥbūb ibn Mūsā Abū Ṣāliḥ narrated to us: Abū Isḥāq al-Fazārī narrated to us, from Zāʾidah, from al-Aʿmash, from al-Mukhtār ibn Ṣayfī, from Yazīd ibn Hurmuz, who said: Najdah wrote to Ibn ʿAbbās asking him about this and that, and mentioning various matters. He also asked whether an enslaved person was entitled to anything from the spoils, and whether women used to go out with the Prophet (ﷺ) and had a share. Ibn ʿAbbās said, ‘Were it not that something foolish might happen, I would not have written to him. As for the enslaved person, he was given a gratuity. As for the women, they used to tend the wounded and give water.’

Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Fāris narrated to us: Aḥmad ibn Khālid—meaning al-Wahbī—narrated to us: Ibn Isḥāq narrated to us, from Abū Jaʿfar and al-Zuhrī, from Yazīd ibn Hurmuz, who said: Najdah al-Ḥarūrī wrote to Ibn ʿAbbās asking whether women used to attend battle with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and whether a share was allotted to them. Yazīd said: I wrote Ibn ʿAbbās’s reply to Najdah: ‘They used to attend battle with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). As for allotting them a full share, no; they used to be given a gratuity.’

Ibrāhīm ibn Saʿīd and others narrated to us: Zayd ibn al-Ḥubāb informed us: Rāfiʿ ibn Salamah ibn Ziyād narrated to us: Ḥashraj ibn Ziyād narrated to me, from his paternal grandmother, that she went out with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) on the campaign of Khaybar as one of six women. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was informed, sent for us, and we came to him. We saw anger in his face. He said, ‘With whom did you go out, and with whose permission did you go out?’ We said, ‘Messenger of Allah, we went out to spin yarn and thereby help in Allah’s cause. We have medicine for the wounded, we hand out arrows, and we give people sawīq to drink.’ He said, ‘Get up, then.’ When Allah granted him victory at Khaybar, he allotted us shares just as he allotted shares to the men. I asked her, ‘Grandmother, what was that?’ She replied, ‘Dates.’

Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal narrated to us: Bishr—meaning Ibn al-Mufaḍḍal—narrated to us, from Muḥammad ibn Zayd, who said: ʿUmayr, the client of Abī al-Laḥm, narrated to me: I was present at Khaybar with my masters. They spoke to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) about me, and he gave an order concerning me. A sword was strapped to me, and I was dragging it. Then he was told that I was enslaved, so he ordered that I be given something from the inferior goods. Abū Dāwūd said: ‘This means that he did not allot him a share.’ Abū Dāwūd also said: ‘Abū ʿUbayd said that he had forbidden meat to himself, and so was called Abī al-Laḥm.’

Saʿīd ibn Manṣūr narrated to us: Abū Muʿāwiyah narrated to us, from al-Aʿmash, from Abū Sufyān, from Jābir, who said: I used to draw water for my companions on the day of Badr.

Musaddad and Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn narrated to us: Yaḥyā narrated to us, from Mālik, from al-Fuḍayl, from ʿAbd Allāh ibn Niyār, from ʿUrwah, from ʿĀʾishah. Yaḥyā said: A man from among the polytheists joined the Prophet (ﷺ), intending to fight alongside him, and he said, ‘Go back.’ Then both transmitters agreed on the wording: ‘We do not seek help from a polytheist.’

Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal narrated to us: Abū Muʿāwiyah narrated to us: ʿUbayd Allāh narrated to us, from Nāfiʿ, from Ibn ʿUmar, that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) allotted a man and his horse three shares: one share for the man and two for his horse.

Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal narrated to us: Abū Muʿāwiyah narrated to us: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd narrated to me: al-Masʿūdī narrated to me: Abū ʿAmrah narrated to me, from his father, who said: We came to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), four men with one horse among us. He gave each of us one share and gave the horse two shares.

Musaddad narrated to us: Umayyah ibn Khālid narrated to us: al-Masʿūdī narrated to us, from a man of the family of Abū ʿAmrah, from Abū ʿAmrah, with a similar report, except that he said, ‘Three men.’ He added: ‘The mounted fighter received three shares.’