Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad)

Abdullah ibn Maslamah al-Qa’nabi narrated to us, from Malik, from Abdullah ibn Dinar, from Ibn Umar, that the Messenger of Allah said: ‘On the Day of Resurrection, a banner will be raised for the treacherous person, and it will be announced: “This is the treachery of so-and-so, son of so-and-so.”’

Muhammad ibn al-Sabbah al-Bazzaz narrated to us: Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi al-Zinad narrated to us, from Abu al-Zinad, from al-A’raj, from Abu Hurayrah, who said: The Messenger of Allah said, ‘The leader is a shield; fighting is carried out under his leadership.’

Ahmad ibn Salih narrated to us: Abdullah ibn Wahb narrated to us: Amr informed me, from Bukayr ibn al-Ashajj, from al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Rafi, that Abu Rafi informed him: Quraysh sent me to the Messenger of Allah. When I saw the Messenger of Allah, Islam entered my heart, and I said, ‘Messenger of Allah, by Allah, I will never return to them.’ The Messenger of Allah replied, ‘I do not betray a treaty, nor do I detain envoys. Return to them, but if you still feel as you do now, then come back.’ He said: So I went away, then came to the Prophet and accepted Islam. Bukayr said: He informed me that Abu Rafi was a Copt. Abu Dawud said: That applied in those days; as for today, it is not appropriate.

Hafs ibn Umar al-Namari narrated to us: Shu’bah narrated to us, from Abu al-Fayd, from Sulaym ibn Amir—a man of Himyar—who said: There was a treaty between Mu’awiyah and the Byzantines. He was advancing toward their territory, and when the treaty’s term came to an end, he attacked them. A man came riding a horse or a packhorse, saying, ‘Allah is greatest! Allah is greatest! Faithfulness, not treachery!’ They looked and saw that it was Amr ibn Abasah. Mu’awiyah sent for him and questioned him. He said, ‘I heard the Messenger of Allah say: If anyone has a treaty with a people, let him neither strengthen nor loosen its bond until its term expires, or he gives them notice on equal terms.’ So Mu’awiyah turned back.

Uthman ibn Abi Shaybah narrated to us: Waki’ narrated to us, from Uyaynah ibn Abd al-Rahman, from his father, from Abu Bakrah, who said: The Messenger of Allah said, ‘Whoever kills a person under covenant without just cause, Allah has forbidden Paradise to him.’

Muhammad ibn Amr al-Razi narrated to us: Salamah—that is, Ibn al-Fadl—narrated to us, from Muhammad ibn Ishaq, who said: Musaylimah had written to the Messenger of Allah. He also said: Muhammad ibn Ishaq narrated to me, from a shaykh of Ashja’, called Sa’d ibn Tariq, from Salamah ibn Nu’aym ibn Mas’ud al-Ashja’i, from his father Nu’aym, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah say to the two men when they read Musaylimah’s letter, ‘What do you two say?’ They replied, ‘We say what he says.’ He said, ‘By Allah, were it not that envoys are not to be killed, I would strike off both your heads.’

Muhammad ibn Kathir narrated to us: Sufyan informed us, from Abu Ishaq, from Harithah ibn Mudarrib, who said: I came to Abdullah and said, ‘There is no enmity between me and any of the Arabs, but I passed by a mosque belonging to Banu Hanifah and found that they believed in Musaylimah.’ Abdullah sent for them, and they were brought to him. He called on them to repent, except Ibn al-Nawwahah. He said to him, ‘I heard the Messenger of Allah say, “Were you not an envoy, I would have struck off your head.” But today you are no envoy.’ He then ordered Qarazah ibn Ka’b, who struck off his head in the market. Then he said, ‘Whoever wishes to see Ibn al-Nawwahah slain in the market may do so.’

Ahmad ibn Salih narrated to us: Ibn Wahb narrated to us: Iyad ibn Abdullah informed me, from Makhramah ibn Sulayman, from Kurayb, from Ibn Abbas, who said: Umm Hani, daughter of Abu Talib, told me that on the day of the Conquest she granted protection to a man from among the polytheists. She came to the Prophet and told him about it. He said, ‘We have granted protection to the one you protected, and security to the one you secured.’

Uthman ibn Abi Shaybah narrated to us: Sufyan ibn Uyaynah narrated to us, from Mansur, from Ibrahim, from al-Aswad, from Aishah, who said: A woman would grant protection on behalf of the believers, and it would be binding.

Muhammad ibn Ubayd narrated to us: Muhammad ibn Thawr related to them, from Ma’mar, from al-Zuhri, from Urwah ibn al-Zubayr, from al-Miswar ibn Makhramah, who said: The Prophet set out at the time of Hudaybiyyah with a little over one thousand of his Companions. When they reached Dhu al-Hulayfah, he garlanded the sacrificial animals, marked them, and entered ihram for the lesser pilgrimage. He continued the account: The Prophet travelled on until he reached the mountain pass from which they would descend toward the people. His mount knelt down, and the people said twice, ‘Stop! Stop! Al-Qaswa has balked!’ The Prophet said, ‘She has not balked; that is not her nature. Rather, the One who held back the elephant has held her back.’ Then he said, ‘By Him in whose hand is my soul, they will not ask me today for any course of action by which Allah’s sacred limits are honored without my granting it to them.’ He urged the mount, and it sprang up. He turned away from them and camped at the farthest part of Hudaybiyyah, by a small pool of water. Budayl ibn Warqa al-Khuza’i came to him, then Urwah ibn Mas’ud came. Urwah began speaking with the Prophet, and whenever he spoke to him, he took hold of his beard. Al-Mughirah ibn Shu’bah stood by the Prophet with a sword and wearing a helmet. He struck Urwah’s hand with the end of the sword and said, ‘Keep your hand away from his beard.’ Urwah raised his head and asked, ‘Who is that?’ They said, ‘Al-Mughirah ibn Shu’bah.’ He said, ‘You treacherous man! Am I not pursuing redress for your treachery?’ In the pre-Islamic era, al-Mughirah had accompanied some people, killed them, and taken their property. Then he came and accepted Islam. The Messenger of Allah said, ‘As for Islam, we have accepted it; as for the property, it was acquired treacherously, and we have no need of it.’ He continued the account: The Prophet said, ‘Write: This is what Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, has agreed to.’ Then he related the account: Suhayl said, ‘And on the condition that no man from our side comes to you—even if he follows your religion—without your returning him to us.’ When the document was completed, the Prophet said to his Companions, ‘Stand up, sacrifice your animals, then shave your heads.’ Then believing women who had migrated came, and the verse was revealed. Allah forbade them to send the women back and commanded them to return the dowries. Then he returned to Madinah. Abu Basir, a man from Quraysh—the Quraysh sent people to seek him—came to him, and he handed him over to the two men. They set off with him. When they reached Dhu al-Hulayfah, they stopped to eat some dates they had with them. Abu Basir said to one of the men, ‘By Allah, so-and-so, I think your sword is an excellent one.’ The other drew it and said, ‘Yes, I have tested it.’ Abu Basir said, ‘Let me see it.’ The man handed it to him, and Abu Basir struck him until he lay dead. The other man fled until he reached Madinah and ran into the mosque. The Prophet said, ‘This man has seen something terrifying.’ He said, ‘By Allah, my companion has been killed, and I am surely to be killed too.’ Abu Basir then came and said, ‘Allah has fulfilled your covenant: you returned me to them, then Allah delivered me from them.’ The Prophet said, ‘Woe to his mother! He is a firebrand of war—if only he had men!’ When Abu Basir heard that, he realized that the Prophet would return him to them, so he left and went to the seacoast. Abu Jandal escaped and joined Abu Basir, until a band gathered around them.

Muhammad ibn al-Ala narrated to us: Ibn Idris narrated to us: I heard Ibn Ishaq, from al-Zuhri, from Urwah ibn al-Zubayr, from al-Miswar ibn Makhramah and Marwan ibn al-Hakam, that they agreed to lay down arms for ten years, during which people would be secure, and that there would be between them a relationship of mutual trust, with neither covert theft nor treachery.

Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Nufayli narrated to us: Isa ibn Yunus narrated to us: Al-Awza’i narrated to us, from Hassan ibn Atiyyah, who said: Makhul and Ibn Abi Zakariyya went to Khalid ibn Ma’dan, and I went with them. He narrated to us from Jubayr ibn Nufayr. Jubayr said: ‘Come with us to Dhu Mikhbar, a man from among the Companions of the Prophet.’ We went to him, and Jubayr asked him about a truce. He said: I heard the Messenger of Allah say, ‘You will make a secure peace with the Byzantines, then you and they will campaign against an enemy behind you.’

Ahmad ibn Salih narrated to us: Sufyan narrated to us, from Amr ibn Dinar, from Jabir, who said: The Messenger of Allah said, ‘Who will deal with Ka’b ibn al-Ashraf? He has harmed Allah and His Messenger.’ Muhammad ibn Maslamah stood up and said, ‘I will, Messenger of Allah. Would you like me to kill him?’ He said, ‘Yes.’ Muhammad said, ‘Then let me say something against you.’ He replied, ‘You may; speak.’ Muhammad went to Ka’b and said, ‘This man has asked us for charity and has burdened us.’ Ka’b said, ‘And you will tire of him even more.’ Muhammad said, ‘We have followed him, and we dislike abandoning him before seeing where his affair will lead. We would like you to lend us one or two wasqs.’ Ka’b asked, ‘What will you give me as collateral?’ Muhammad asked, ‘What do you want from us?’ He said, ‘Your women.’ They replied, ‘Glory be to Allah! You are the handsomest of the Arabs. How could we pledge our women to you? That would bring us shame.’ He said, ‘Then pledge your sons to me.’ They replied, ‘Glory be to Allah! A son of one of us would be reviled, being told, “You were pledged for one or two wasqs.” We will pledge our armor to you.’ He said, ‘Yes.’ When Muhammad came to him, he called out to Ka’b, who came out perfumed, his head fragrant. When Muhammad sat with him, accompanied by three or four men, they mentioned the perfume to him. Ka’b said, ‘I have so-and-so with me; she is the most fragrant of women.’ Muhammad asked, ‘Will you let me smell it?’ Ka’b said, ‘Yes.’ Muhammad put his hand into Ka’b’s hair and smelled it. He asked, ‘May I do so again?’ Ka’b said, ‘Yes.’ Muhammad put his hand into his hair again. When he had got a firm hold of him, he said, ‘Now!’ They struck him until they killed him.

Muhammad ibn Huzabah narrated to us: Ishaq—that is, Ibn Mansur—narrated to us: Asbat al-Hamdani narrated to us, from al-Suddi, from his father, from Abu Hurayrah, from the Prophet, who said: ‘Faith restrains from treacherous killing; a believer does not commit treacherous killing.’

Al-Qa’nabi narrated to me, from Malik, from Nafi’, from Abdullah ibn Umar: When the Messenger of Allah returned from an expedition, Hajj, or Umrah, he would proclaim Allah’s greatness three times on every rise in the land and say: ‘There is no god but Allah alone, with no partner. To Him belongs dominion and praise, and He has power over all things. We return, repent, worship, and prostrate to our Lord, praising Him. Allah has fulfilled His promise, aided His servant, and alone defeated the confederates.’

Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Thabit al-Marwazi narrated to us: Ali ibn Husayn narrated to me, from his father, from Yazid al-Nahwi, from Ikrimah, from Ibn Abbas, who said: The verse, ‘Those who believe in Allah and the Last Day do not ask your permission ...’—through the end of the verse—was abrogated by the verse in Surat al-Nur, ‘The believers are only those who believe in Allah and His Messenger,’ through His words, ‘Forgiving, Merciful.’

Abu Tawbah al-Rabi ibn Nafi narrated to us: Isa narrated to us, from Ismail, from Qays, from Jarir, who said: The Messenger of Allah said to me, ‘Will you rid me of Dhu al-Khalasah?’ I went to it and burned it. Then he sent a man from the tribe of Ahmas to the Prophet to give him the good news. The man was called Abu Artah.

Ibn al-Sarh narrated to us: Ibn Wahb informed us: Yunus informed me, from Ibn Shihab, who said: Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdullah ibn Ka’b ibn Malik informed me that Abdullah ibn Ka’b said: I heard Ka’b ibn Malik say: When the Prophet returned from a journey, he would begin at the mosque, pray two units of prayer there, then sit with the people. Ibn al-Sarh related the rest of the report. He said: The Messenger of Allah forbade the Muslims from speaking to the three of us. When this lasted a long time for me, I climbed over the wall of the orchard of Abu Qatadah, my cousin. I greeted him, but by Allah, he did not return my greeting. Then, on the morning of the fiftieth night, I prayed the dawn prayer on the roof of one of our houses. I heard a caller cry, ‘Ka’b ibn Malik, rejoice!’ When the man whose voice I had heard came to bring me the good news, I took off my two garments and gave them to him to wear. I set out, and when I entered the mosque, the Messenger of Allah was sitting there. Talhah ibn Ubayd Allah rose and hurried toward me, shook my hand, and congratulated me.

Makhlad ibn Khalid narrated to us: Abu Asim narrated to us, from Abu Bakrah. Bakkar ibn Abd al-Aziz informed me: My father, Abd al-Aziz, narrated to me, from Abu Bakrah, from the Prophet, that whenever something joyful came to him or he received good news, he would fall down prostrating in gratitude to Allah.

Ahmad ibn Salih narrated to us: Ibn Abi Fudayk narrated to us: Musa ibn Ya’qub narrated to me, from Ibn Uthman—Abu Dawud said: that is Yahya ibn al-Hasan ibn Uthman—from al-Ash’ath ibn Ishaq ibn Sa’d, from Amir ibn Sa’d, from his father, who said: We went out with the Messenger of Allah from Makkah, heading for Madinah. When we were near Azwara, he dismounted, raised his hands, and supplicated to Allah for a while. Then he fell in prostration and remained there a long time. He stood, raised his hands, and supplicated to Allah for a while; then he fell in prostration and remained there a long time. He stood, raised his hands for a while, then fell in prostration. Ahmad mentioned this three times. He said, ‘I asked my Lord and interceded for my community, and He granted me a third of my community. So I fell in prostration in gratitude to my Lord. Then I raised my head and asked my Lord for my community, and He granted me a third of my community. So I fell in prostration to my Lord in gratitude. Then I raised my head and asked my Lord for my community, and He granted me the remaining third. So I fell in prostration to my Lord.’ Abu Dawud said: Ahmad ibn Salih omitted al-Ash’ath ibn Ishaq when he narrated it to us; Musa ibn Sahl al-Ramli narrated it to me from him.