Purification

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Al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba said: ‘The Prophet performed ablution and wiped over his socks and sandals.’ Aḥmad, al-Tirmidhī, Abū Dāwūd, and Ibn Mājah transmitted it.

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Al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba said: ‘The Messenger of Allah wiped over his khuffs, and I said: “Messenger of Allah, have you forgotten?” He replied: “Rather, you have forgotten. My Lord, Mighty and Majestic, commanded me to do this.”’ Aḥmad and Abū Dāwūd transmitted it.

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ʿAlī said: ‘If religion were based on personal opinion, the underside of the khuff would have greater claim to be wiped than its upper side. But I saw the Messenger of Allah wipe over the upper side of his khuffs.’ Abū Dāwūd transmitted it; al-Dārimī has a report with the same meaning.

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Ḥudhayfa reported that the Messenger of Allah said: ‘We have been favored over other people in three ways: our rows have been made like the rows of the angels; the whole earth has been made a mosque for us; and its soil has been made purifying for us when we find no water.’ Muslim transmitted it.

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ʿImrān ibn Ḥuṣayn al-Khuzāʿī reported that the Messenger of Allah saw a man standing apart who had not prayed with the people. He asked: ‘What kept you from praying with them?’ The man replied: ‘Messenger of Allah, I am in a state of sexual impurity and there is no water.’ He said: ‘Use clean earth; it will suffice for you.’

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ʿAmmār reported that a man came to ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb and said: ‘I am in a state of sexual impurity and cannot find water.’ ʿAmmār said to ʿUmar: ‘Do you remember when you and I were traveling? You did not pray, while I rolled in the earth and prayed. I mentioned it to the Prophet, and he said: “It would have been enough for you to do this.”’ The Prophet struck the ground with his palms, blew into them, then wiped his face and his hands with them.

Al-Bukhārī transmitted it. Muslim has a similar version in which the Prophet said: ‘It is enough for you to strike the ground with your hands, blow, then wipe your face and hands with them.’

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Abū al-Juhaym ibn al-Ḥārith ibn al-Ṣimma said: ‘I passed by the Prophet while he was urinating and greeted him, but he did not reply until he went to a wall and scraped it with a stick he had with him. Then he placed his hands on the wall, wiped his face and forearms, and returned my greeting.’

The compiler says: ‘I have not found this version in the two Ṣaḥīḥ collections or in al-Ḥumaydī’s book. Al-Baghawī mentioned it in Sharḥ al-Sunna and called it a ḥasan report.’

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Abū Dharr reported that the Messenger of Allah said: ‘Pure earth is a means of purification for a Muslim, even if he finds no water for ten years. But when he finds water, let him touch his skin with it, for that is better.’ Aḥmad, al-Tirmidhī, and Abū Dāwūd transmitted it. Al-Nasāʾī transmitted a similar report only up to ‘ten years.’

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Jābir said: ‘We set out on a journey, and one of our men was struck by a stone that split his head. He then had a wet dream and asked his companions: “Can you find a concession for me to perform dry ablution?” They replied: “We see no concession for you while you are able to use water.” So he performed the ritual bath and died. When we came to the Prophet and told him, he said: “They killed him—may Allah punish them! Why did they not ask when they did not know? The cure for ignorance is asking. It would have been enough for him to perform dry ablution and bind a cloth over his wound, then wipe over it and wash the rest of his body.”’ Abū Dāwūd transmitted it. Ibn Mājah transmitted it from ʿAṭāʾ ibn Abī Rabāḥ, from Ibn ʿAbbās.

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Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī said: ‘Two men set out on a journey. When prayer time came, they had no water, so they performed dry ablution with clean earth and prayed. They then found water while the time remained. One repeated the ablution and prayer, but the other did not. Later they came to the Messenger of Allah and told him. He said to the one who had not repeated it: “You followed the Sunnah, and your prayer sufficed.” To the one who had performed ablution and repeated the prayer, he said: “You will have a double reward.”’ Abū Dāwūd and al-Dārimī transmitted it; al-Nasāʾī transmitted a similar report.

The same compiler and Abū Dāwūd also transmitted a disconnected (mursal) version from ʿAṭāʾ ibn Yasār.

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Abū al-Juhaym al-Anṣārī said: ‘The Prophet came from the direction of Biʾr Jamal, and a man met him and greeted him. The Prophet did not return the greeting until he went to a wall and wiped his face and hands. Then he returned the greeting.’

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ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir used to report that, while they were with the Messenger of Allah for the dawn prayer, they performed dry ablution with clean earth. They struck the earth with their palms and wiped their faces once. Then they struck the earth with their palms again and wiped their entire hands and arms up to the shoulders and armpits, using the inner surfaces of their hands. Abū Dāwūd transmitted it.

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Ibn ʿUmar reported that the Messenger of Allah said: ‘When one of you comes to Friday, let him perform the ritual bath.’ (Agreed upon.)

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Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī reported that the Messenger of Allah said: ‘The ritual bath on Friday is obligatory for everyone who has reached puberty.’ (Agreed upon.)

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Abū Hurayra reported that the Messenger of Allah said: ‘It is the duty of every Muslim to perform a ritual bath once every seven days, washing his head and body.’ (Agreed upon.)

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Samura reported that the Messenger of Allah said: ‘If anyone performs ablution on Friday, that is good; but if anyone performs the ritual bath, the ritual bath is better.’ Aḥmad, Abū Dāwūd, al-Tirmidhī, al-Nasāʾī, and al-Dārimī transmitted it. (Graded ḥasan.)

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Abū Hurayra reported that the Messenger of Allah said: ‘Whoever washes a deceased person should perform a ritual bath.’ Ibn Mājah transmitted it. Aḥmad, al-Tirmidhī, and Abū Dāwūd added: ‘Whoever carries the deceased should perform ablution.’ (Graded ṣaḥīḥ.)

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ʿĀʾisha reported that the Prophet used to perform a ritual bath for four reasons: following sexual impurity, on Friday, after cupping, and after washing a deceased person. Abū Dāwūd transmitted it. (Graded ḍaʿīf.)

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Qays ibn ʿĀṣim reported that when he embraced Islam, the Prophet instructed him to perform a ritual bath with water and lote leaves. Al-Tirmidhī, Abū Dāwūd, and al-Nasāʾī transmitted it. (Graded ṣaḥīḥ.)

Unreviewed translation. All hadiths in this collection are available in five languages. Titles and introductions may remain in Arabic.

ʿIkrima reported: Some people from Iraq came and asked Ibn ʿAbbās, ‘Do you consider the ritual bath on Friday obligatory?’ He replied, ‘No. But it is more cleansing and better for whoever performs it; whoever does not perform it is not under an obligation.’

He continued, ‘I will tell you how the practice of bathing began. The people were hard-pressed: they wore wool and worked carrying loads on their backs. Their mosque was small, with a low roof made only of palm branches. One hot day, the Messenger of Allah came out, and the people sweated in those wool garments until odors rose from them and bothered one another. When the Messenger of Allah noticed the odor, he said, “People, when this day comes, perform a ritual bath, and let each of you apply the best oil and perfume he can find.”’

Ibn ʿAbbās said, ‘Then Allah brought prosperity: they wore something other than wool, were spared the labor, and their mosque was enlarged. Some of the odor from their sweat that had bothered them disappeared.’ Abū Dāwūd transmitted it. (Graded ḥasan.)